f  1/0^4  iicc-cJ^^L      ^^ 


-A.XrTECOR»S    BSDIXION". 


DEPARTMENT    OF   THE    INTEBIOB. 

UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  AND  GEOGRAPHICAL   SURVEY. 
P.  V.  HAYDBN,  U.  S.  Geologist-in-Charee. 


THK 


TWANA   INDIANS 

OF  THK 

SKOKOMISH  RESERVATION  IN  WASHINGTON  TERRITORY. 

BY 

REV.     M.EELLS, 

mSSIONABT  AMONG  THBSB  DIDIANB. 


■XTSACTSD  FSOM  THE  BULLKTIK  Or  THB  BURVST,  Yoi..  IH,  Ho.  1. 


Washinoton,  April  9,  1877. 


AUT.  IV.-THE  TWANA  INDIANS  OF  THE  SKOKOMISH  RESHK- 
VATIUN  I>:  WA.SHINGTON  TERRITORY. 


By  Key.  M.  Eells, 

.}[l>isi<>nf(rij  amonij  thtst  Indians. 


Plates  23-25. 
l^'TPtODL'CTION. 

Tbp  Ibllowingf  account  has  been  written  in  answer  to  questions  aske<l* 
Ijy  the  Indian  Bureau,  for  the  Centennial  Exhibition  and  the  Smith- 
sonian Institution.  If  it  is  of  any  vahie,  it  is  not  altogether  because 
it  describes  the  Indians  under  their  old  native  habits  and  customs,  but 
because  it  gives  an  account  of  them  in  a  state  of  transition  from  their  na- 
tive wildness  to  civilization.  For  the  past  sixteen  years,  a  United  States 
Indian  agent  and  Government  employes  have  been  on  the  reservation. 
Previously  to  that,  there  were  American  settlers  in  this  region  for  ten 
or  twelve  years,  and  previously  to  that,  the  Hudson's  Bay  Company 
were  trading  in  the  country  for  thirty  years  or  thereabouts.  They  have 
therefore  had  contact  with  civilization  for  a  long  time,  during  which 
they  have  been  adopting  civilized  customs  more  or  less  rapidly,  and  may 
be  called  about  half-civilized.  Hence,  transition  is  marked  in  every  de- 
partment of  their  lives — in  food,  dwellings,  clothes,  implements  of  use, 
manners,  customs,  government,  and  religion  ;  therefore  it  is  very  diffi- 
cult to  describe  their  primitive  customs,  especially  in  regard  to  their 
ancient  ornamental  dress,  war  and  hunting  customs,  stonework,  adorn- 
ment, secret  societies,  and  tamauamus.  There  are  very  few,  even  of  the 
old  men,  who  know  all  these  customs  tloroughly. 

The  families  have  not  all  made  equal  advancement  in  civilization, 
and  hence  what  applies  to  some  will  not  apply  to  others,  even  at  the 
present  time;  the  younger,  as  a  general  rule,  being  further  advanced 
than  the  older  ones.  On  this  account,  it  has  also  been  difficult  to 
describe  all  truthfully.  On  looking  over  the  list  of  individuals,  which 
number  about  sixty-five,  forty-two  of  them  are  at  least  half-civilized 
in  regard  to  eating-customs  and  houses,  while  of  the  remaining  twenty- 

[*In  the  publication  entitled  "  Ethuoloirical  Directions  relative  to  the  Indian  Tribea  of 
the  United  States. — Prepared  nnder  direction  of  the  Indian  Bureau,  by  Otis  T.  Mason. — 
Washington  :  Government  Printing  Office,  1875." — 8vo,  pp.  32.  The  article  is  in  the 
form  of  answers  to  the  questions  there  asked,  following  the  printed  heads  of  subjects 
of  inquiry  very  closely. — Ed.] 

57 


23^3  ^'-J 


58      BULLETIN  UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

three  fourteen  are  either  so  ohl  or  so  weak  that  they  caunot  work  and 
earn  money  and  obtain  civilized  food,  and  so  are  obliged  to  live  more 
according  to  their  old  ways. 

I  have  only  been  here  about  one  year  and  a  half,  but  I  desire  to  say 
that  1  have  been  assisted  very  materially  by  the  present  agent,  Mr.  E. 
Eells,  who  has  been  here  four  and  a  half  years,  and  by  Mr.  J.  Palmer, 
a  native  Indian,  who  both  reads  and  wriles  English,  and  has  been  in- 
terpreter here  for  about  six  years.  Dr.  II.  H.  Lansdule,  the  resident 
physician  for  the  p.^st  two  years,  has  written  paragraphs  A  and  B  in 
Part  I,  B,  C,  and  U  in  section  14,  Part  III,  and  a  part  of  B  in  section  15 
of  Part  III. 

PAliT  I.— MAX. 

A. — Physical  nature. 

Measurement  of  the  body  tcith  reference  to  each  other  and  to  a  standard. — 
p]Liven  men  were  weighed  and  measured,  with  their  clothes,  and  the 
follo\\ing  table  is  the  average,  both  before  and  after  deducting  what  we 
think  to  be  right  on  account  of  clothes,  hair,  «S:c.,  and  also  the  extreme 
limits  under  each  head: — 


Before  deihietiug.  After  deductiug. 


Average.  \  Extremes.  |  Average.   I  Extremes. 


ft-2i-ll  in.-10  9-U  iu. 
15i  in. — ISJ  in. 
Hi  in.— 14  iu. 
2fi  in.— 30  iu. 
29  in.- 34  in. 


WeifiUt ISl  7-1111)3     124^His.— 174ill).s...  142  lbs....:  114  19-22  lbs— 164  19-22  lbs. 

Heijjht ,5t't.6in...    5  It.  3  J  in.— 5  ft.  9  in.  5ft.5in...l  5  ft.  2i  i" 5  ft.  8  in. 

Circumference  of  he.id 21  8-11  in..:  21  in.— 23  in 21  in ;  20  3-11  in.— 22  3-11  in. 

Circumference  of  chest.   ...i3.53i-ll  in.    32  iu — 3i?  in 34i  in 31  2-11  in.— 37  2-11  in. 

Circumfereuco  of  pelvis 3.>2M1  in.    33Jiu.— 37in 34  in' 32  3-11  iu.—35  8^-11  in. 

Circuaiference  of  arm i  10  2-11  in..!  9  m.— 11  in :  IU  in '  8  9-11  in.— 10  9-11  in. 

Circumference  of  forearm . .   9  5-1 1  iu  .  - . :  84  in.—  1 1  in 9  311  in .  -  - 

Circumference  of  thigli 18J  in  . 17  in. — 20  in 17  in 

Circumference  of  leg i  134  in  .     ••    12  iu. — 14i  in 13  in 

Length  of  upper  extreraities ..\ i  27  8-11  in. . 

Length  of  lower  extremities '' 31  3-11  in.. 

Length  of  trunk 1 23  7-11  in..'  22  in. — 25  in. 

Color  of  hair, — Black. 

Color  of  eyes. — Black. 

Blushing. — The  same  as  white  people,  though  not  so  sensitive. 

Muscular  strength. — Quite  inferior  to  that  of  white  men. 

Characteristics  of  speed. — Xot  equal  to  that  of  white  men. 

Characteristics  of  swimming. — Superior  to  that  of  white  men. 

Characteristics  of  climbing. — Inferior  to  that  of  white  men. 

Senses. — They  are  a  little  inferior  to  those  of  white  men. 

Groicth  and  decay. — Tlieir  growth  is  attained  early  iu  life,  and  their 
decay  also  begins  early. 

Ch ild-bearing. — Very  easy. 

Eeproductive  pou-er. — Much  less  than  with  whites. 

Sterility. — This  prevails  to  a  large  extent.  They  cause  it  early  in  life 
by  various  kinds  of  abuse. 


EELLS    ON    THE    TWANA    INDIANS.  69 

Puberty. — In  males  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  and  iu  females  about  the 
age  of  thirteen. 

Crosses. — They  cross  with  all  races. 

Dentition. — The  teeth  come  al)out  the  same  as  in  white  children,  but 
they  wear  down  early  in  life.  They  attiiL-'tt  it  to  eatiuy  dry  salmon, 
though  this  is  not  the  cause. 

Loss  of  poll' er, — It  is  lost  sooner  than  with  white  persons. 

Growimj  gray. — There  are  very  lew  gray  people  ainonj'  tiiem.  TJ^ey 
do  not  grow  gray  as  soon  as  white  persons,  owing  to  the  freedom  from 
mental  care  and  strain,  their  out-door  lite,  and  the  bareness  »)f  the  head 
from  covering. 

Longevity. — I  think  it  is  ten  years  less  than  with  white  men. 

B. — Patholout. 

Diseases. — The  i»rincipal  ones  are  scrofula,  consumption,  bleeding  at 
the  lungs,  scrofulous  swellings  and  scrofulous  abscesses,  all  of  which  are 
grafted  on  a  scrofulous  diathesis;  also  acute  and  chronic  bronchitis,  all 
forms  of  catarrh,  diarrhcea,  dysjjcpsia,  conjunctivitis,  skin  diseases,  all 
forms  of  syphilis,  gonorrhoea,  toothache,  and  chronic  rheumatism.  There 
are  others,  but  they  are  not  common. 

Physical  effect  of  diet,  habit,  and  climate. — These  have  been  the  means 
of  producing  a  scrofulous  diathesis  from  generation  to  generation,  and 
thus  of  shortening  their  lives,  as  previously  stated.  The  dampness  of 
the  climate  also  produces  rheumatism  and  consumption. 

Pain  and  healing. — They  are  not  sensitive  to  pain.  Cuts  and  wounda 
heal  easily.    Scrofulous  diseases  {.re  very  difficult  to  cure. 

Abnormalities  and  natural  deformities. — There  are  no  natural  deformi- 
ties. 

C. — Psychical  phenomena. 

Mental  capacity  for  acquiring,  remenbering,  generalizing,  volition. — In 
school,  the  Indian  children  acquire  on  an  average  as  rapi<lly  as  the 
white  children  in  the  same  school,  who  have  had  the  same  advantages 
in  the  primary  studies,  but  do  not  progress  as  well  iu  the  more  advanced 
studies.  The  younger  ones  reason  a  little,  and  the  older  ones  more, 
sometimes  quite  sharply.  The  strength  of  will  in  some  of  the  older 
ones,  who  become  leaders,  is  quite  great,  but  that  of  the  common  peo- 
ple is  not  very  great.    Their  memories  are  good. 

Sagacity  in  tracTcing  game.  foUouing  bees,  and  other  occupations. — They 
have  no  bees;  but  iu  tracking  game,  they  will  notice  very  little  things, 
and  follow  generallj-  until  they  find  it.  In  obtaining  tish,  they  nave 
also  a  large  amount  of  patience  and  good  habits  of  observation.  The 
greater  portion  of  them  have,  however,  of  late  years,  left  these  pursuits 
as  their  principal  means  of  support,  and  follow  American  forms  of  labor, 
chiefly  logging  and  working  for  the  whites,  making  gardens,  and  rais- 
ing hay.     At  these  things  they  are  quite  industrious,  and  on  most 


60  BrLLtTIN    r.MTED    STATES    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

pleasant  days  a  trip  over  the  reservation  shows  most  of  them,  both  men 
aud  women,  busy  in  some  way.  They  still  hunt  some,  and  tish  more  ; 
but  the  majority  of  them  do  not  lollow  tliese  occupations  as  the  i)rin- 
cipal  means  of  support. 

Moral  ideas. — Formerly  i\yute  low,  in  regard  to  theft,  lying,  murder, 
and  chastity,  but  of  late  years  they  have  been  elev&ted  very  much. 
Formerly  they  would  say  it  was  wrong  to  steal ;  but  if  not  found  out 
it  wtis  all  right.  Now,  both  among  Indians  aud  whites,  there  are  very 
few  who  accuse  any  of  them  of  stealing.  Lying  is  much  more  common. 
Murder  of  late  years  has  been  almost  unknown  on  the  reservation.  In 
regard  to  chastity,  they  have  imi>roved  very  much,  though  there  is 
still  room  for  improvement. 

Emotions  and  passions. — Generally   strong;   sometimes  lasting   and 

sometimes  not. 

I). — Tribal  phenomena. 

Name. — Twana,  spelled  in  the  treaty  between  the  tribe  aud  the  United 
States,  made  at  Point-no-Point  January  20,  1S55,  Too-an-hooch  ;  but  I 
much  prefer  Twana  as  being  simi>ler  and  the  one  most  in  use  here. 

Their  own  account  of  their  origin  and  relationships. — God  made  them 
soon  after  he  made  the  world,  and  he  placed  them  here,  as  they  think 
he  did  the  different  tribes  and  peoples  in  the  different  countries.  They 
believe  in  different  centres  of  creation  for  themselves  and  all  other  tribes 
and  peoples.    God  made  them  at  first  man  aud  womau. 

History  of  their  increase,  migrations,  growth,  and  decay. — There  is  no 
reliable  information  about  their  increase,  growth,  or  any  migrations. 
Twenty  years  ago,  when  the  treaty  was  made  with  them,  they  numbered 
about  twice  as  many  as  they  do  now,  although  for  the  past  four  years 
their  births  have  equaled  or  exceeded  their  deaths.  According  to  the 
record  of  the  physician,  the  deaths  for  two  years  previous  to  July  1, 
1875,  have  been  only  sixteen.  It  has  been  impossible  to  keep  any 
record  of  the  births.  As  far  back  as  there  is  any  reliable  information, 
they  have  always  lived  in  this  region.  They  have  a  tradition  that  at 
the  time  of  the  flood,  which  was  only  a  few  generations  ago,  one  great 
mountain,  Mount  Olympus,  was  not  wholly  submerged,  and  that  on  it 
the  good  Indians  were  saved  ;  that  as  the  flood  subsided  a  Dumber  of 
canoes  with  those  in  them  broke  from  their  fastenings  on  the  mountain, 
and  were  carried  away  to  the  cast  and  north,  which  accounts  for  there 
being  but  few  people  left  here  now. 

Population,  male,  female,  children,  and  causes  affecting. — January, 
1875,  men,  80  ;  women,  95  ;  boys,  50 ;  girls,  39  ;  total  264.  Till  within 
about  five  years,  they  have  been  decreasing,  owing  chiefly  to  syphilitic 
diseases. 

Invention,  conservatism,  and  progress. — But  little  invention.  Are  gen- 
erally more  than  medium  abo"t  progress.  Improving  very  much  in 
dress,  houses,  names,  food,  auv    habits  of  industry,  though  but  slowly 


EELLS    ON    Tilt:    TWANA    INDIAX.S.  61 

in  Cbristiaii  ideas;  learning  more  tioiu  example  than  truiii  lueeept,  but 
in  both  ways.  They  have  had  instruction  in  Christianity  only  about 
four  years,  and  in  the  other  matters  tor  fifteen  yeai  s.  which  accounts  partly 
tor  the  ditterence  in  regard  to  this.  In  almi>st  all  things,  however,  as 
they  see  the  superiority  ot  the  white  man,  they  are  ready  for  progress, 
especially  the  younger  ones;  the  old  ones  being  more  conservative. 

VAin  II.— sunuoryi)iX(rS  ou  enviuoxment. 

« 

A. — Inokganic. 

Outline  ami  st;e  of  Territory — Elevdt'on  and  Wattr-systtins. — Reserva- 
tion near  the  hea«l  of  Hood's  Canal  on  Paget  Sound,  in  Washington 
Territory,  and  at  the  "louth  of  the  Skokomish  liiver.  It  is  nearly  square, 
and  comprises  about  o.OOO  acres;  two-thirds  of  it  but  a  few  feet  above 
tide-water,  the  other  third  njountainous  and  several  hundred  feet  high. 
The  JSkokomish  is  the  only  river  which,  coming  from  the  north  in  the 
Olympic  range  of  mountains,  tiows  east  on  the  south  side  of  the  reser- 
vation and  north  on  the  east  side,  when  it  empties  into  ilood's  Canal. 
There  are  several  sloughs  running  from  the  river  to  the  canal  across 
the  reservation. 

Geological  encironment,  both  Htratiijraphical  and  economic. — Tiie  strati- 
graphical  environment  has  not  been  thoroughly  studied.  Both  lava 
and  granite  evidently  lie  at  the  bottom  ;  the  granite  I  think  to  be  the 
oldest.  Suice  the  granite,  evidently'  there  has  been  a  long  washing 
ler  by  salt-water  or  fresh,  I  do  not  know  which,  but  presume  it  was 
.(tit,  as  the  upland  is  mostly  a  gravel-bed.  As  the  sea  then  went  down, 
the  river  formed  most  of  the  soil  good  for  cultivation. 

Economic. — The  soil  of  about  two-tifths  of  the  reservation  is  black, 
rich  bottomland,  very  excellent  for  cultivation  when  cleared  of  the 
timber  which  covers  it.  One-fifth  of  the  land  is  swamjiy,  and  1,800 
acres,  nearly  two-fifths,  is  gravelly  and  covered  with  fir  timber,  and  is 
almost  useless  except  as  timber-laud. 

Climate. — Chiefly  a  dry  and  wet  season,  as  in  Western  Washington 
and  Oregon  ;  but  little  snow  or  cold  weather  generally  during  the  win- 
ter, but  a  large  amount  of  rain,  which  continues  at  intervals  during  the 
summer.  The  spring  is  generally  backward,  as  the  Olympic  Mountains, 
some  of  which  are  snow-cnpi)ed  most  of  the  summer,  are  but  twenty 
miles  distant  to  the  north.  Frosts  in  the  fall  generally  not  early, 
coming  from  the  1st  to  the  25th  of  October  usually. 

Remains  of  plants  and  animals  found  icith  relics  of  extinct  tribes. — 
There  are  two  shell-beds,  which  as  yet  have  not  been  opened,  at  Eneti, 
on  the  reservation  ;  one  is  near  the  north  line  of  the  reservation,  and  is 
about  450  feet  long,  from  3  to  20  wide,  and  a  foot  or  two  thick ;  the 
other,  half  a  mile  south  of  it,  300  feet  long,  and  about  the  same  width 
and  thickness.    They  are  both  just  above  high  tide,  andfare  evidently 


62       HrLLETIN  UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

of  recent  torniation,  the  shells  heing  chiefly  clamshells.     There  is  also 

said  to  l)e  one  at  Big  Jackson's  i)lace,  eight  miles  up  the  canal,  and 

another  at  Huuihumnii,  l.j  miles  down  the  canal ;  and  I  think  it  very 

probable  that  there  are  such,  and  i>erhaps  others  about,  as  these  are 

old  caini»ing-places  of  the  Indians. 

Note. — The  vegetable  and  animal  resources  of  the  country  being  all 

mentioned    under   other   h»'ads,   there  is  no   necessity    for  a   detailed 

enumeration  here. 

C. — Social. 

Contact  icith  civilhid  and  inn-iviUzed  trihes,  and  its  injinence. — There 
are  no  civilized  tribes  of  Indians  with  whom  they  have  any  contact. 
There  are  a  number  of  tribes  of  half-civilized  Indians,  with  whom  they 
are  in  contact  more  or  less,  cbietly  the  Sijuaxons,  Nisqually,  Clallams, 
Snohomish,  Luiumi,  and  Cliehalis  tril)es.  Their  relations  are  peaceful 
with  them  all,  and  their  influence  is  to  keep  them  in  about  the  same 
conilition,  neither  particularly  elevating  nor  depressing. 

There  is  much  contact  between  them  and  white  civilization,  and  has 
been  for  twenty-five  years,  and  a  little  for  twenty  years  previously. 
Its  influence  has  been  both  goorl  and  bad ;  good  with  reference  to  food, 
clothes,  houses,  and  habits  of  industry,  and  against  theft,  murder,  and 
lying  ;  bad  with  reference  to  chastity  and  temperance. 

PART  III— CULTURE. 

4  l.—MEAXS  OF  SCBSISTEXCE. 

A.— Food. 

Methods  of  procuring. — Their  food  is  a  mixture  of  old  Indian  and 
civilized  focxi,  but  principally  the  latter,  varying,  however,  in  different 
families ;  the  younger  and  middle-aged  using  chiefly  civilized  food,  and 
the  old  and  poor  ones  a  large  amount  of  old  Indian  food. 

Most  of  them  have  gardens,  where  they  raise  chiefly  potatoes,  corn, 
peas,  onions,  turnips,  beets,  carrots,  parsnips,  beans,  and  cabbages,  and 
some  fruits,  as  the  raspberry,  strawberry,  gooseberry,  and  apple. 
Potatoes,  however,  are  the  principal  crop.  In  the  cultivation  of  their 
gardens,  they  do  not  equal  the  white  man.  They  seldom  plow  the 
ground,  as  they  have  been  accustomed  to  clear  small  patches  of  land, 
often  too  small  to  plow,  and  where  also  too  many  roots  remain.  The 
first  season  they  dig  it  up  with  a  spade  or  large  hoe,  but  afterward  do 
not  always  every  year,  but  sometimes  plant  the  seeds  in  the  old  ground, 
and  cultivate  with  the  hoe.  As  a  general  thing,  they  cultivate  less  than 
Americans. 

They  gather  many  wild  berries,  chiefly  the  wild  raspberry,  gooseberry, 
currant,  sallalberry,  strawberry,  cherry,  cranberry,  blackberry,  elder- 
berry, salmon  berry,  thimbleberry,  and  red,  blue,  and  black  huckleberries. 
Most  of  these  aie  eaten  at  once,  both  cooked  and  uncooked,  but  some 


EELLS    ON    THE    TWANA    INDIANS.  6S 

are  dried  for  future  use,  chiefly  the  huckleberry,  sallalberry,  aud  black- 
berry, the  last  of  which  is  pouuded  up  aud  made  iuto  cakes,  which  are 
then  dried. 

They  also  gather  fern-roots  and  three  other  kinds  without  English 
names,  which  grow  in  swamps,  the  sprouts  of  the  thimblcberry  an<l 
salmouborry,  rush-roots,  Indian  onion,  aud  hazelnuts. 

They  are  fond  of  kamass;  none,  however,  grows  near  them.  For- 
merlytheymadelong  journeys  in  order  to  obtain  it,  but  having  otherfood 
now  they  have  used  but  little  of  late  years.  Most  of  the  roots  named 
are  eaten  in  their  season,  but  few  being  kept  for  future  use. 

They  have  a  few  cattle,  from  which  they  get  a  little  beef,  but  prefer 
to  keep  most  of  them  in  order  to  raise  more  cattle  to  use  as  work-oxen. 
They  do  but  little  milking,  not  seeming  to  think  that  it  pays.  They  buy 
some  pork,  bacon,  and  hams,  and  hunt  and  obtain  chietiy  venison,  bear- 
meat,  pheasants  and  grouse,  ducks  and  geese,  rabbits  and  squirrels. 
Most  of  the  hunting  is  done  with  the  gun,  the  bow  and  arrow  being  en- 
tirely out  of  use,  except  as  a  plaything  for  children.  At  certain  times 
of  the  year,  ducks  are  very  abundant,  yet  they  have  been  shot  at  so  often 
that  they  are  very  much  afraid  of  canoes.  The  Indians,  therefore,  cover 
their  canoes  with  green  boughs,  standing  some  upright.  Hiding  among 
these  boughs,  they  paddle  quietly  among  the  ducks,  which  are  not 
frightened  at  such  things,  when  they  are  easily  shot. 

They  tish  and  obtain  salmon,  salmon-trout,  dog-salmon,  herring,  sil- 
ver trout,  rock-cod,  flounders,  smelt,  halibut,  and  skates.  Salmon-eggs 
and  the  eggs  of  all  large  fish  are  used  for  food.  They  fish  with  the  hook, 
spear,  net,  and  build  traps  across  the  Skokomish  River.  Their  fish- 
spear  is  three-pronged  generally,  but  sometimes  they  are  only  two- 
pronged.  These  are  about  two  feet  long,  and  made  of  iron,  old  rasps 
being  preferred.  When  iron  cannot  be  obtained,  they  are  made  of  very- 
hard  wood.  These  prongs  are  tied  to  a  very  slim  pole,  from  fifteen  to 
twenty-five  feet  long,  with  strings  or  tough  bark;  and  when  a  fish  is 
still  they  are  easily  thrust  into  it  by  tbe  Indian  in  his  canoe.  Their  traps 
across  the  river  are  built  of  small  sticks  about  an  inch  in  diameter  and 
six  feet  long,  very  close  together,  leaning  down  stream,  which  prevent 
the  salmon  going  up,  when  they  are  easily  caught  and  killed.  They  dry 
some  of  the  fish,  especially  large  quantities  of  tht  salmon,  for  winter  use. 

Th€'y  dig  for  clams,  which  they  dry  in  the  smoke,  aud  also  obtain 
mussels  and  oysters. 

Formerly  they  obtained  oil  from  seals  and  porpoises,  and  bought 
whale-oil  from  the  Makah  Indians,  but  of  late  years  they  have  ceased  to 
use  oil  for  food. 

They  use  no  grasshoppers,  crickets,  or  insects  for  food. 

They  buy  chiefly  flour,  sugar,  rice,  beans,  coffee,  tea,  butter,  yeast- 
powders,  saleratus,  salt,  lard,  spices,  sirup,  dried  apples,  and  crackers, 
according  to  their  means. 

Dicinion  of  Utbor,  concerning. — The  men  and  women  both  work  in  the 


64  BULLETIN    UNITED    STATES    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

gardens.  The  men  bunt  and  do  most  of  the  fishing ;  the  women  get  a 
large  share  of  the  clams,  mussels,  berries,  and  roots, and  do  the  cooking. 

Amount  eaten  and  frequency  of  eatintj. — They  generally  eat  three  times 
a  day,  and  about  the  same  amount  as  white  people.  Formerly  tiiey 
were  very  irregular,  eating  a  large  amount  at  times,  and  very  often,  and 
again  very  little  for  a  long  time. 

Eating  customs  and  rites. — ^lany  of  them  have  tables,  chairs,  and 
stools,  plates,  bowls,  knives  and  forks,  and  eat  in  the  American  way. 
Sometimes  they  cook  in  a  large  pot,  and  a  number  sit  around  it  and  take 
out  what  they  wish  with  spoons,  knives,  and  their  fingers.  At  feasts 
where  there  are  a  very  large  number  present  they  spread  mats  upon  the 
ground,  in  the  open  air  or  in  a  large  house,  place  the  food  upon  them, 
and  sit  on  the  ground  around  them  while  eating. 

B. — Drinks. 

Methods  of  preparing  decoctions  and  intoxicating  drinks;  occasions  for 
Their  use,  and  their  effects. — They  make  no  intoxicating  drinks.  They 
sometimes  get  them  of  white  people,  drink  secretly,  and  the  etfect  is 
very  bad — physically,  pecuniarily,  mentally,  and  morally. 

There  is  a  temperance  society  among  them,  and  about  one  hundred 
have  joined  it,  pledging  themselves  to  abstain  from  all  intoxicating 
drinks.  Within  the  last  year  and  a  half  since  its  organization  a  few 
have  broken  this  pledge ;  but  it  is  not  known  that  any  more  have  done 
so  than  when  the  same  number  of  white  people  join  such  a  society. 
The  fact  is  also  to  be  taken  into  consideration  that  in  earlier  years, 
when  there  was  less  restraint,  the  greater  portion  of  them  would  get 
drunk. 

They  are  very  fond  of  tea  and  coffee,  and  use  them  as  Americans  do ; 
and  also  make  teas  of  cranberry-leaves  and  young  blackberry  and  hem- 
lock leaves, 

C. — Xakcotics. 

Methods  of  using,  and  effects. — Tobacco  is  quite  generally  used.  Tlie 
older  ones  generally  smoke ;  the  younger  ones  both  chew  and  smoke. 
A  few  of  the  women  also  use  it.  It  makes  them  somewhat  dizzy  at 
first.  Xo  other  narcotics  are  used  to  my  knowledge.  Tobacco  is  used 
much  as  Americans  use  it,  and  not  to  my  knowledge  as  a  calumet  of 
peace. 

The  leaves  of  the  killikiuick,  a  small  bush  which  grows  a  foot  or  two 
high,  dried,  and  of  laurel,  dried,  also  the  dried  bark  of  ironwood,  are 
used,  wh-^n  they  are  short  of  tobacco,  to  mix  with  it,  but  are  seldom  if 
ever  used  alone. 

D.— Savors,  flavors,  etc.  . 

They  use  salt,  pepper,  and  some  other  American  spices  as  Americans 
use  them,  but  have  no  native  ones. 


EELLS    ON    THE    TWANA    INDIANS.  G5 

E.— MEDICIN  iii,  POISONS,  ETC. 

Medkinea,  preparation  and  adniunstration  of. — U.snally  by  old  men  or 
women,  but  by  uny  one  who  is  sni)pose(l  to  know.  There  is  no  cUiss  of 
physicians. 

Lint  of  diseases  soutjht  to  he  cured,  the  medicine  for  each,  and  the  effect. — 
Colds  and  biliousness:  Eat  alder-buds,  and  afterward  drink  salt  water 
for  an  emetic. 

To  stren;jjthen  general  debility  :  Ileat  rocks,  throw  water  over  them, 
place  skunk-cabl)aj;e  h'aves  on  them,  then  }?et  over  the  steam. 

For  a  physic  and  tonic :  Oherry-bai  k  ;  grind  it  in  water  and  drink  the 
water. 

For  a  tonic  :  Alderbark ;  in  same  way  as  cherry-bark. 

To  purity  the  blood:  Barberry-bark  ;  in  same  way  as  cherry-bark. 

Skin-diseases:  Oregon  grajx'  root  and  bark  ;  in  same  way  as  cherry - 
bark. 

Burns  and  scalds :  Potatoes ;  scrape  and  put  tliem  on. 

Sore  eyo^"  •  Tliey  make  r.  coM  tea  from  crab-apple  bark,  and  wash  the 
eyes  with  it. 

This  is  a  partial  list,  but  is  the  best  I  can  give,  as  they  do  not  t<'ll  all 
they  have. 

Effect. — All  of  them  cure  sometimes,  and  at  other  times  do  not.  At 
present,  the  Governmer.t  furnishes  them  with  a  physician,  who  uses 
American  medicines  entirely.  If,  however,  they  are  not  cured  immedi- 
ately by  him,  they  often  cease  to  take  the  medicine  sooner  than  he  or- 
ders, and  use  their  own.  They  sometimes  also  buy  patent  medicines. 
Thus  their  medicines  are  a  mixture  of  American  an<l  T.idian. 

Poi.wns. — They  have  no  native  poisons  which  they  now  use,  and  very 
seldom  obtain  any  i''om  the  whites.  Formerly  it  is  said  that  matter 
from  sores  was  used,  especially  where  there  were  two  wives,  one  of 
whom  became  jealous.  Wh»Mi  this  was  so,  the  jealous  one  gave  this 
matter  to  the  other  with  her  food. 

$  i.—irAiiiTATioys. 

A. — Dwellings. 

Are  they  permanent  or  morahle? — Nearly  all  permanent;  only  occa- 
sionally one  which  is  movable. 

^atitral  refuge  and  habitations  of  degraded  tribes. — These  Indians  can- 
not be  called  degradetl,  but  about  half-civilized.  All  have  houses  of 
some  kind. 

Location  and  laying  out. — There  is  no  order.  Most  of  their  houses  are 
on  their  farms,  which  consist  of  from  ten  to  forty  acres.  In  a  few  places, 
there  are  quite  a  number  of  houses  together,  and  where  this  's  so  they 
are  generally  near  the  water,  in  a  single  row  facing  the  water. 

Labor  of  construction. — The  men  build  the  houses  with  the  help  of  the 
Government  carpenter,  when  they  can  have  his  assistance. 
o  BULL 


GG      BULLETIN  UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


1 


rianx  of  intcrinv  arran{iement :  stnictiires  at  (liferent  seasons. — The; 
best  lionses,  which  are  built  by  Government  help,  are  on  their  farm-  ^^ 
most  of  them  on  the  Skokomi.sh  liiver  bottom,  which  is  liable  to  ovei 
flow  in  the  winter.     Hence  the  houses  are  built  on  blocks  about  t\v 
feet  from  the  ground,  which  renders  them  cold  in  the  winter.     Owin  -^^ 
to  this,  most  of  them  leave  them  in  the  winter,  and  go  to  some  larg    ^^ 
houses  at  Eneti,  that  part  of  the  reservation  which  is  ou  Hood's  Canal 
and  is  not  liable  to  overflow.  rj 

The  summer  houses  are  mostly  about  IG  by  22  feet,  and  generally  d:    ^ 
vided  into  two  rooms,  one  for  a  bed-room  and  the  other  for  a  kitchei    ^^ 
and  eatiiig-room.    Sometimes  there  is  only  one  room,  and  sometime 
there  are  the  two  and  a  shed-kitchen  added.     A  few  of  the  rooms  ar 
papered,  and  most  of  the  houses  have  a  cook-stove,  one  or  two  bed 
steads,  a  cupboard,  a  few  chairs  and  trunks,  &c. 

Their  winter  houses  are  much  larger,  four  times  as  large  often,  o 
larger,  generally  25  or  30  by  40  or  50  feet,  and  are  for  several  families, 
but  with  no  partition.  There  is  no  floor  but  the  ground,  exeeptiug 
against  the  wall  all  around  for  about  6  feet  from  it.  Above  this  flooi 
there  are  bunks  all  around  about  3h  feet  wide,  on  which  they  sleep. 
The  doors  are  either  in  the  middle  of  both  ends  of  the  house,  or  in  the 
middle  of  one  side,  and  in  each  of  the  four  corners  one  or  more  families 
reside,  building  their  fire  on  the  ground,  and  letting  the  smoke  escape 
through  holes  in  the  roof.  Their  trunks,  provisions,  &c.,  are  stored  on 
the  small  board  floor.  The  workmanship  of  these  houses  is  much  poorer 
than  of  the  summer  houses.  Each  house  is  owned  by  one  man,  and  ht 
allows  his  friends  to  live  in  a  part  of  it,  but  they  pay  him  no  rent.  1 
shall  speak  of  these  two  difierent  kinds  of  houses  as  summer  and  wintei 
houses,  although  they  are  not  strictly  such,  as  a  few  use  each  kind  all 
the  year  round,  and  during  the  coming  winter  most  of  them  expect  to 
live  in  their  new,  better  houses,  which  I  have  termed  summer  houses. 

Ancient  strnctHres. — They  were  sunill,  movable,  and  generally  made 
of  split  cedar  boards,  poles,  and  mats.  Occasionally,  when  they  are  oli 
fishing,  or  away  from  home  for  a  time,  they  build  such  now.  They  are 
5  or  G  feet  high,  14  by  IS  feet  or  less ;  the  door  is  a  mat,  and  all  the 
property  is  stored  in  this  house,  consisting  of  a  single  room,  where 
thej'  also  eat  and  sleep.  The  tire  is  in  the  middle  of  the  house,  and 
when  they  are  fishing,  the  fish  are  hung  overhead,  where  they  dry  in 
the  smoke.    There  is  no  floor  but  the  ground,  or  sometimes  a  mat. 

OutbHildings. — (1)  A  barn  for  hay,  as  they  use  no  other  kind  of  feed. 
This  is  either  a  shed  made  by  setting  posts  in  the  ground,  and  cov. 
eriug  it  with  split  cedar  boards,  varying  in  size,  according  to  the 
amount  of  hay,  which  is  usually  not  more  than  three  or  four  tons  ;  or  it 
may  be  one  of  their  houses,  for  they  sometimes  store  hay  in  a  part  and 
live  in  the  other  part,  or  they  fill  the  house  with  hay  and  go  away  for  the 
summer,  either  at  work  in  a  logging  camp  or  fishing. 


EELL8    ON    THE    IWANA    INDIANS.  67 

(2)  A  stable  for  work-oxen.  This  is  g^oiierally  built  similar  to  tbe  shells 
for  hay,  or  tliat  is  built  larger,  and  answers  for  both. 

(3)  A  few  have  stables  for  horses,  when  they  have  one,  which  they 
prize  very  highly,  as  a  race-horse.  Most  of  their  horses  and  cattle, 
however,  are  not  sheltered  ;  the  timber,  according  to  their  ideas,  being 
suflicient  for  this. 

Structures  for  ohsirvation,  memorial,  (lefense,  hurhd,  and  ceremony. — 
There  are  none  for  any  of  these  things  except  for  burial,  which  are  de- 
scribed under  chapter  111,  section  15,  B,  ''  Manner  of  disposing  of  the 
dead." 

Fuhlic  huildmgs. — There  are  none,  except  when  a  potlatch  is  to  take 
place, which  may  be  only  once  in  ten  or  twenty  years  or  more.  The  last 
one  took  i>lace  seven  years  ago,  a  few  miles  off"  from  the  reservation.  A 
large  house,  about  50  feet  wide  and  more  than  300  long,  was  erected.  It 
was  a  frame  building,  inclosed  with  boards.  The  best  part  of  the  material 
was  removed  soon  after,  and  the  rest  has  gone  to  decay. 

ISweathousea. — These  are  used  much  as  among  most  other  Indian 
tribes.  They  are  3  or  4  feet  in  height,  and  a  little  more  in  diameter, 
being  conoidal.  Sticks  are  first  driven  into  the  ground,  rather  close  to- 
gether, which  are  covered  with  large  leaves,  as  the  maple,  and  these  are 
covered  with  mud. 

B. — Appuktenanx^es  to  dwellings. 

Boors. — For  their  best  houses  these  are  a  plain  American  door,  made 
by  the  Government  cari)enter.  For  their  large  winter  houses,  they  are 
made  by  themselves,  are  smaller,  and  mucli  rougher. 

Fireplaces. — For  their  large  winter  houses  and  their  fishing-houses, 
they  have  been  described  under  the  previous  section.  Most  of  their 
summer  houses  have  no  fireplaces  or  chimneys,  but  are  furnished  with 
cook-stoves,  a  part  of  tlie  annuity  goods  of  last  year.  A  few  have 
a  rough  chimney  built  of  sticks  and  mud  at  one  en<l  of  the  house,  and 
on  the  outside  of  it,  and  a  few  have  cut  a  hole  in  the  middle  of  the 
tloor,  filling  it  up  with  earth  to  the  floor,  on  which  they  build  the  fire, 
cutting  a  hole  in  the  roof,  where  the  smoke  escapes. 

Windows. — Their  winter  houses  have  none.  Their  summer  ones  have 
one  or  two  American  windows. 

Roofs, — These  are  made  of  split  cedar  boards.  Fi)r  some  of  their  bet- 
ter houses,  they  are  dressed  smooth,  something  similar  to  shingles,  and 
some  are  covered  with  shingles. 

Fastenings,  such  as  locks  and  latches. — Their  winter  houses  are  gener- 
ally fastened  with  a  wooden  latch,  wtiich  is  worked  with  a  string,  and 
when  they  leave  the  house  for  the  summer  the  door  is  usually  nailed 
fast.  The  summer  houses  are  provided  with  American  locks  and  door- 
knobs. 

Water-tanlis. — They  have  none;  but  when  they  live  some  distance  from 


68       BULLETIN  UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

good  water,  wbich  is  not  often  the  case,  they  generally  carry  their  wate 
in  kegs  and  small  barrels. 

Totem-posts. — la  the  potlatch  house  which  they  began  to  build  atj 
Eneti  more  than  a  year  ago,  but  which  was  not  finished  on  account  oij 
the  death  of  the  principal  man  connected  with  it,  there  are  five  totem 
posts,  or  tamanamus-posts,  as  they  are  called,  which  are  about  8  feet 
long,  about  1  foot  through,  some  being  round  and  some  being  about  G 
incb'^s  through  by  \  foot.  They  are  intended  to  support  the  ridge-pole, 
as  shown  in  Fig.  A,  Plate  23,  and  are  8  feet  long,  of  the  shape  showu 
in  Figs.  B-E  of  the  same  plate,  though  there  is  not  really  much  more 
art  to  them  than  there  is  to  a  wooden  turned  bedstead-post.  They  are 
not  painted. 

At  the  old  potlatch  house  (see  III,  2,  A,  '^Public-houses"),  there  were 
originally  twenty-six  large  cedar  slabs  set  in  the  ground,  which  support 
the  cross-pieces,  thirteen  on  each  side.  Ten  of  these  have  been  re- 
moved, and  on  four  more  there  are  no  figures.  Five  were  originally 
painted,  but  the  weather  has  worn  the  most  of  the  x>aint  off.  They  are 
about  9  feet  long  above  ground,  li  to  2^  feet  wide,  and  5  or  G  inches 
thick.  These  posts  are  delineated  on  Plate  21,  Figs.  F-K,  where  the 
dark  shading  indicates  figures  in  red  paint  on  the  inside  of  the  posts. 

The  first  four  of  these  figures  are  simply  painted  on  a  smooth  surface, 
but  the  last  is  carved,  the  darkest  parts  being  raised  the  highest.  Tiiese 
posts  have  been  left  -exposed  to  the  weather  for  seven  years,  but  are 
still  considered  tamanamus-posts,  and  probably  would  be  even  if  they 
should  remain  there  until  they  should  rot  down. 

Materials  for  buildinf). — Everything  is  built  of  lumber,  or  occasionally 
split  cedar  boards  are  used,  except  some  temporary  structure  of  mats. 

C. — Furniture  and  utensils. 

IlammocJcs,  hals,  bedsteads. — They  have  no  hammocks.  Most  of  their 
summer  houses  are  furnished  with  plain,  unpainted  bedsteads  made  by 
the  Government  carpenter.  Those  in  the  winter  houses  have  been 
described  in  A  of  the  present  section.  For  beds  they  have  straw, 
feathers,  the  head  of  the  large  mat-rush — sometimes  called  catstail — 
several  thicknesses  of  mats  or  blankets.  A  few  use  sheets.  For  the 
covering  they  use  blankets  and  <iuilts. 

Filloics  and  head-rests. — They  have  feather-pillows  or  roll  up  their 
mats. 

Cradles  and  pappanse  cases. — They  have  no  cradles,  but  for  young 
infants  they  have  a  small  board  about  the  length  of  the  child,  on  which 
they  place  cedar  bark,  which  is  beaten  up  very  fine,  and  on  this  they  tie 
the  child  a  large  portion  of  the  time.  When  the  child  is  a  little  older, 
but  not  strong  enough  to  hold  on  to  its  mother's  neck,  she  wraps  a  blanket 
or  shawl  around  it  and  herself,  and  thus  carries  it  on  her  back. 

Chairs,  stools,  and  benches. — Last  year  a  number  of  chairs  were  fur- 
nished them  among  their  annuity  goods.     Previously  to  that  they  had 


Ball.  IT.  S.  Geol.  anrt  Osogr.  Survey,  Vol.  III. 


Plate  23- 


J 


-i 


Fig.  B. 


Fig.  L. 


Fig.  A. 


Fig.  C. 


Fig.  D. 


Fip.  N. 


Fiij.  M. 


Fig.  E. 


Fig.  O. 


a     ^ 


Appurtenances  of  dwellings,  and  implements,  of  the  Twana  Indians. 


'  EEi  LS    OX    THE    TWANA    INDIANS.  C9 

very  few,  but  used  homc-inade  stools  and  b<Michos  or  sat  on  tlie  <;round. 
The  woiiHMi  especially  are  very  luueh  aceustoujed  to  sit  on  the  ground, 
or  on  their  mats,  or  on  the  lioor. 

Matting,  carpet,  and  Jloor-cDcrriHi/s. — Tiu'y  use  nothiii<;'  in  the  form  of 
carpetinj^.  They  often  lay  th«Mr  mats  on  the  floor  or  jj^round,  on  which 
they  store  their  things,  eat,  or  sit,  but  do  not  use  them  as  carpeting. 

Racks  and  other  protections  for  food. — Most  of  them  have  a  small  cup- 
board five  or  six  feet  hij^h  and  two  or  three  feet  wide,  without  any  door. 
Their  Hour  is  generally  kept  in  the  sack,  the  salmon  in  bundles  or 
baskets,  and  much  of  their  other  food  in  baskets  or  sacks,  or  small 
amounts  in  cupboards.  Their  <lishes  are  generally  kei)t  in  the  cup- 
boards. 

Tables. — The  Government  carpenter  has  made  plain,  unpainted  tables 
for  most  of  the  summer  houses,  on  which  they  eat,  seldom,  if  ever,  using 
a  table  cloth.  In  their  winter  houses  thej'  use  very  few  tables,  either 
placinJ^•  the  food  on  a  mat  or  eating  from  the  vessel  in  which  it  is  cooked, 
sometimes  eating  singly  and  sometimes  together. 

E. — MlSCELLANEOirs — FURXITUKE. 

Brooms,  Jlyhrushes,  urinals,  others  not  mentioned. — A  number  of  them 
have  American  brooms,  and  a  few  use  them  considerably,  becoming 
somewhat  neat,  but  with  most  of  them  there  is  very  much  room  for 
improvement.  They  also  sometimes  make  a  temporary  broom  from  fir 
and  cedar  boughs.  There  is  nothing  else  under  this  head  of  any  im- 
portance which  is  used. 

^■i.— VESSELS  AXD  UTENSILS. 

a. — Xatural  material. 

Mineral  material. — They  make  no  pottery  or  wares  from  clay,  nor  am 
I  aware  that  they  make  any  utensils  from  stone  or  of  metallic  material. 

Vegetable  material . — Maple  and  laurel  are  used  in  making  spoons,  cedar 
roots  in  making  water-tight  baskets,  cedar  boughs  in  making  common 
carrying-baskets;  also,  one  kind  of  swamp-grass  forms  the  chief  mate- 
rial for  one  kind  of  carrying-basket.  Small  grasses  of  black,  j'ellow, 
and  slate  colors  are  used  for  l)eauty  in  the  water-tight  baskets.  Kushes 
or  cattail  are  used  in  making  mats. 

Animal  material. — Cattle-horns  are  used  in  making  large  spoons,  and 
clam-shells  are  occasionally  used  as  drinking-disbes  or  spoons  without 
any  manufacture. 

A. — Vessels  fok  holding  and  cabbying  water  food,  etc. 

Oourds,  dugouts,  bladders,  and  funnels. — Xone. 

Bottles,  jugs,  jars,  boicls. — All  of  these  are  used,  and  are  of  American 
manufacture. 
J      Boxes. — Boxes  of  all  shapes  and  sizes  are  iu  use,  chiefly  of  American 


70  BULLETIN    UNITED    STATES    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY.  ^"^ 

manufacture,  both  of  tin  aud  wood.  They  like  also  those  of  Chiuese 
make.  They  do  not  use  them  for  carrying  water,  and  but  little  for 
holding  food,  but  usually  for  hohling  other  things.  Cheap  trunks  of 
American  manufacture  are  very  common,  in  which  they  keep  their  best 
clothes,  and  other  things  which  they  wish  to  save  from  the  smoke  and 
dirt. 

Tight  baskets. — Water-tight  baskets  which  are  indexible  are  very 
common,  holding  from  a  quart  to  half  a  bushel.  Tuey  make  them  of 
cedar  roots  split,  sew  them  very  firmly  together,  and  ornaujent  them 
with  grasses  of  various  colors,  yellow,  bUick,  slate  color,  &c. 

Mats. — Their  u.ats,  which  are  often  spread  on  the  ground,  and  on 
which  their  food  is  placed,  are  made  of  the  swamp  grass  sometimes  called 
cattail.  The  women  feather  the  material  in  the  summer,  dry  it,  and 
make  them  in  the  winter.  The  grass  is  first  cut  as  long  as  is  to  be  the 
■width  of  the  mat,  usually  about  tliree  feet,  but  sometimes  five  feet.  The 
ends  are  then  fastened  together  in  the  shape  of  the  mat,  and  strings 
made  of  the  same  grass  torn  lo  pieces  and  twisted  are  run  through 
lengthwise  of  the  mat  and  about  four  inches  apart.  In  doing  this,  a 
needle  is  used,  which  is  about  three  feet  long,  a  half  an  inch  wide,  and 
three  cornered,  with  an  eye  in  one  end,  in  ^vhich  the  string  is  placed. 
After  the  string  is  run  through,  a  small  piece  of  wood  wiih  a  crease  is 
run  over  the  mat  where  the  string  has  been  sewed  to  render  it  firm  and 
of  good  shape.  The  edges  of  the  mats  are  fastened  by  weaving  the 
grass  firmly  together.  These  mats  are  also  used  for  beds,  several  thick- 
nesses of  them  being  quite  soft,  for  making  temporary  houses,  and  for 
lining  wooden  houses  to  make  them  warm. 

Mathaslcts. — A  basket  is  sometimes  made  of  grass,  which  is  quite 
strong,  but  their  prin(!ipal  rtexible  basket  is  made  of  cedar  limbs,  split 
and  dressed.  These  pieces,  some  with  the  bark  on  and  some  with  it  off, 
are  arranged  quite  regularly  and  tastily.  They  are  strong,  and  are 
used  for  carrying  apples,  potatoes,  fish,  clams,  mussels,  indeed  are  of  al- 
most universal  use  for  carrying  purposes.  They  hold  from  half  a  bushel 
to  a  bushel.  A  rope  is  fiistened  into  the  handles  of  the  basket,  which 
passes  around  the  forehead  of  a  woman,  and  thus  they  usually  carry 
the  load  by  the  strength  of  the  neck.  I  have  seen  one  c-.rry  a  basket 
full  of  apples,  and  two  babies  one  and  two  years  old.  Where  the  rope 
presses  against  the  forehead  it  is  changed  to  a  braid  of  cloth,  about 
three  inches  wide,  which  is  soft,  and  does  not  hurt  the  head.  The  colors 
in  this  braid  are  often  woven  in  quite  fancifully. 

B.     v^'essels  and  utensils  for  preparing  food. 

Troughs  and  hasPetsfor  stone  boiling. — Xone  are  in  use  now.  Formerly 
iheir  water-tight  baskets  described  in  A  of  this  sectiou  were  used  for 
this  purpose. 

Pots  of  clay,  stone,  d-c. — !J^one  of  clay  or  stone  are  used.    Iron  pots  of 


B«ll.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  Googr.  Survey,  Vol.  ILL 


Plate  24. 


Appurtenances  of  dwellings  of  tbo  Twaua  Indians. 


I  EliLLS    OX    THE    TWANA    INDIANS.  71 

Ainciii^m  iiiaiiiiCacttin' are  very  coiniiioii  i\)v  hoiliiij,'  food,  whet  her  tliey 
cook  l»y  a  stove,  tire|»la<!e,  or  on  the  ^mouikI. 

I'ans. — Tin  pans  of  American  nianntaeture  are  very  eoinrnon  for  vari- 
oas  cookinj;  pnrpo.ses. 

Spits  and  other  contrironveH  for  roasting. — A  very  common  spit  for 
roastinji  lish  is  made  l)y  splittiiif?  a  stick  abont  three  feet  long  and  an 
inch  in  diameter  tw»)  thirds  of  its  len^tli,  and  then  tying  it  with  grass  to 
prevent  its  splitting  farther ;  all  the  entls  are  sharpened,  the  meat  being 
stuck  on  the  parts  that  are  split,  and  the  other  end  placed  in  the  ground 
before  the  tire. 

Boivl.s  for  mixing  food. — They  use  American  ones  of  earth(!nware  quite 
geneially. 

Ckurnfi  and  dairy  vessels. — Tliey  have  none,  as  they  use  bat  very  little 
milk,  ajid  make  no  butter. 

Coffee-mills. — American  coflfee-mills  are  used  for  grinding  coffee. 

C— Vessels  and  utensils  for  serving  and  eating  food. 

Bread  trays,  mushbowlSj  meat-trays. — There  is  nothing  made  specially 
for  these  things. 

Plates  and  dishes,  pitchers. — Those  of  American  manufacture,  chiefly 
earthen,  but  some  of  tin,  are  almost  universally  used. 

Drinking  vessels. — Eartheu  tea-cups,  bowls,  tin  cups,  and  dippe-rs,  are 
commonly  used,  and  glasses  are  sometimes  in  use. 

Knives  and  forks. — Common  ones  of  American  make  are  quite  generally 
in  use. 

Spoons,  ladles,  and  (///;;>ers. — Common  American  tea  and  table  spoons 
and  tin  dii)pers  are  used  quite  often.  They  also  make  a  spoon  both  of 
born  and  hard  wood,  the  handle  of  which  is  4  inches  long,  the  bowl 
of  the  spoon  G  inches  long,  4  wide,  and  IJ  deep,  which  is  (luite  com- 
mon, though  sometimes  they  are  much  smaller  and  sometimes  larger. 

Pipes,  pipe-stems,  pouches. — Common  American  pipes  and  stems  are  gen- 
erally used;  sometimes  they  make  stems  of  wood ;  generally  they  carry 
their  tobacco  in  their  pockets  or  in  a  common  bag;  a  few  of  the  older 
ones  have  pouches  adorned  with  fancy  work  and  beads  and  similar  to 
a  shot-[»ouch. 

D.— Ornamental  and  miscellaneous  vessels,  etc. 

Lamps  and  the  lile. — Quite  often  they  use  American  coal-oil  lamps. 
Candles  were  used  a  few  years  ago,  and  are  to  some  extent  now;  but  as 
lamps  have  become  cheap  they  prefer  them.  Some  also  use  American 
lanicrns,  and  torches  of  pitch-wood  are  very  common.  However,  the^' 
use  neither  candles  nor  lamps  as  much  as  Americans,  as  they  cannot 
read  or  write  during  the  evening. 

Pails,  basins. — For  wash-basins  they  commonly  use  American  tin  wash 
basins,  or  tin  pans,  or  sometimes  earthen  bowls  ;  they  use  both  tin  and 
wooden  water-pails. 


72  1{ULLKTI.\    INlTKi)    STA  IKS    GE(M.OGICAL    .SUUVEV. 

^  4—CL0TlHy(i.  t 

A.— Kaw  material.  * 

Sliins,  shuics. — Fijnnerly,  clothes  wore  iiiiid*'  of  dresstMl  (ker-skiiis  , 
sewed  with  sinews,  I,  however,  liuve  seen  only  one  pair  of  pjints  here 
made  of  this  material,  and  they  were  boiij^ht  of  the  Cht'halis  Iinlians. 
A  few  niot'casins  are  made  of  deer-skins.  Tiicy  dress  a  few  deer  and 
elk  skins  and  catch  a  few  beaver  and  seals,  but  sell  most  of  the  skins  to 
the  whites. 

Wool  and  hair. — Formerly,  a  blanket  was  made  of  dogs'  hair  and  feath- 
ers, but  not  now.  They  have  no  sheep,  but  buy  a  little  wool,  which  they 
card,  spin  into  yarn,  and  knit  into  socks  and  stockings. 

B.— Fabrics  in  different  stages  of  manufacture. 

Dressed  slcins  and  furs.— 'Soiliing  except  what  is  spoken  of  in  the  pre 
ceding  section. 

^Yoolen,  cotton,  and  linen  stufs. — They  l)uy  a  large  amount  of  these 
kinds  of  American  goods,  which  they  make  into  dresses,  women's  un- 
derwear, shirts,  children's  clothes,  and  the  like,  and  articles  of  house- 
hold use. 

C. — Suits  of  clothing. 

0/ dignitaries. — There  are  none;  neither  the  chiefs  nor  the  medicine- 
men dressing  diflerently  from  others. 

Of  male  adults. — They  generally  dress  with  plain  American  clothing 
of  all  kinds  during  the  week,  though  they  do  not  keep  it  very  clean. 
For  Sunday,  Fourth  of  July,  and  public  days,  most  of  the  men  have 
good  pants,  broadcloth  or  linen  coats,  according  to  the  season,  white 
bosom-shirts,  collars,  neckties,  shoes  and  boots,  socks,  vests,  hats,  and 
caps. 

Of  females. — They  dress  very  much  as  xVraerican  women,  with  plain 
clothes.    For  more  particulars,  see  the  following  paragraphs. 

Of  children. — At  home,  those  just  able  to  run  around  sometimes  have 
little  more  than  a  long  shirt,  but  generally  they  have  more,  especially 
as  they  grow  older ;  very  seldom,  however,  wearing  shoes  during  the 
week-days.  They  have  good  clothes,  like  American  children,  for  Sun- 
days. Nearly  all  of  school-going  age  are  in  the  boarding-house,  where 
they  are  provided  with  plain,  strong  American  clothes  as  American 
children.  Government  furnishing  the  cloth,  and  the  matron  or  her  as- 
sistant making  the  clothes. 

For  special  occasions. — Nothing  except  tha^  both  men,  women,  and 
children  have  better  clothes  for  Sunday  and  prominenc  days  than  their 
common  e very-day  wear. 

Of  special  castes  or  crafts. — None. 

D. — IIead-clothing. 
Head-cloths,  hoods,  &c. — The  women  often  tie  handkerchiefs  around 


EELLS    ON    Tin:    IWANA    INDIANS.  73 

thi'ir  heads,  or  wear  their  shawls  over  tlicir  heads;  very  often  also 
they  go  l>arehea(hMl.  Very  few  have  hoods,  h.vts,  or  bonnets.  About 
a  dozen  have  Anieriean  hidi«*.s'  hats,  thon;,'h  bnt  lew  wear  them  much. 
The  scliool-fjirls  all  wear  hats. 

C<i)>s,  litifs. — Tin^  men  wear  always  American  hats  orcai)S,  some  wear- 
iuj^  one  and  some  the  other;  bnt  hats  are  more  <j:enei'ally  worn.  Tiiere 
are  a  very  few  hats  whieh  are  made  by  the  Makah  Indians  which 
are  worn  by  the  ohl  Indians.     They  are  strong  and  water-proof. 

Umddrc'fis  of  ceremony. — They  wear  none  now. 

E. — Body  CLOTHING. 

Clouts,  cinctHres,  Hmocks. — They  wear  none  iu)w.  Formerly  th(*y  had 
a  clout  around  the  waist  made  of  cedar  bark,  it  being  a  baml  with  a 
fringe  extending  nearly  down  to  the  knees.  After  tb.e  English  came, 
they  made  them  of  blankets. 

Aprons. — The  women  sometimes  wear  plain  ones. 

Breeches. — American  ones  are  always  worn  by  the  men  and  older 
bo^s,  except  occasionally  a  very  old  man  does  not. 

Shirts. — The  men  commonly  undershirts  and  woolen  uvershirts  ;  but 
on  Sunday  many  appear  with  white  ones. 

Jackets,  blouses,  j)arkas,  and  tunics. — A  few  Jackets  and  blouses  are 
worn;  almost  all  have  coats  of  some  kind;  and,  for  rainy  and  cold 
weather,  a  few  have  cloaks,  all  of  American  make.  Vests  too  are  com- 
mon. 

]Vomen''s  nndertcear. — They  buy  American  material,  and  make  their 
own  clothes.  First  a  chemise,  and  second  a  petticoat,  and  sometimes 
two  or  three. 

Gowns. — A  few  of  the  very  old  ones  are  seen  without  dresses,  stopping 
with  the  skirt ;  but  almost  all  wear  gowns  made  by  themselves  of  Ameri- 
can calico  and  woolen  dress  goods,  according  to  the  season. 

Mantles,  capes,  and  the  like. — A  very  few  have  cloaks. 

Shawls. — American  woolen  and  "Dolly  Varden"  shawls  are  very  com- 
mon.   Often  they  have  several. 

Blankets. — Occasionally  blankets  are  worn  in  the  winter,  bat  not  often, 
except  by  ver>  old  persons. 

Holes  of  state  and  ceremony. — None  are  worn  now. 

F.— Arji-clothing. 

Gloves  and  mittens. — Occasionally,  when  well  dresseJ,  a  few  men  and 
women  wear  cotton  gloves,  aud  in  cold  weather  a  few  wear  woolen 
mittens.    All  of  American  make. 

G.— Leg  and  foot  clothing. 

Moe'"^<iin8. —  '  very  few  are  worn,  but  the  climate  is  too  wet  to  admit 
of  tbeii  1L.V.   "  ub  I  much. 


'a 


A. — Skix  ornamentation, 

Painti)}<i,  patterns,  and  apparatus. — During  their  jjamos,  festivals,  and 
at  special  times,  a  tew  of  the  men  paint  their  faces,  but  it  is  more  com- 
mon amonj;  the  women,  not  onlv  on  such  davs,  but  on  other  davs. 
They  use  American  red  paint  chietly,  but  sometimes  the  juice  of  ber- 
ries: formerly  they  obtained  a  red  paint  in  the  mountains.  The  women 
paint  to  prevent  their  beiu;;  tanned  by  the  sun;  and  also,  if  tliey  have 
done  anything:  which   will   make  iliem  blush   when  in  company,  they 


74  BULLETIN    UNITED    STATES    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

Shoes,  boots. — P.oth  are  very  common,  of  American  make.  Thick  pj 
heavy  ones  are  generally  worn  ;  but  sometimes  they  have  lighter  ones  ^i 
for  Sunday.  The  men,  except  the  old  ones,  wear  them  constantly;  the  cl 
women  but  little  in  the  summer,  except  on  Sundays,  and  the  children  u 
are  barefoot  a  great  portion  of  the  time.  Even  the  Indian  school-chil-  xi 
dren  are  barefoot  in  the  summer,  but  not  in  the  winter. 

Stoclcings. — Socks  and  stockings  are  very  common,  both  of  native  and  j 
American  manufacture.  ( 

Lei/fiings. — Very  seldom  worn. 

II. — Parts  of  dress. 

Collars. — They  are  not  usually  worn,  but  sometimes  the  men  wear 
American  paper  ones,  and  the  women  American  paper  and  linen  ones. 

Poekets  and  reticules. — They  have  no  reticules.  Pockets  are  common 
in  coats,  vests,  pants,  overshirts.  and  gowns. 

Xeedleicork  and  qnill-icork. — I  have  seen  no  quill-work.  They  do 
plain  sewing  very  well,  and  a  large  amount  of  it,  making  their  dresses 
and  underclothes,  and  sometimes  men's  white  shirts. 

Bead-icnrl: — There  is  not  very  much  bead- work  among  them.  Their 
gowns  and  shot-pouches  are  sometimes  trimmed  with  them. 

Fastenings. — A  large  brass  pin  of  native  manufacture,  about  five 
inches  long,  is  used  for  fastening  the  shawl  together;  and  when  this  is 
lacking,  one  made  of  hard  wood  and  in  similar  shape  is  used.  American 
buttons,  pins,  a  few  buckles,  hooks  and  eyes,  are  used. 

Belts. — The  men  and  women  both  wear  belts,  as  American  men  and 
women  do. 

Others  not  mentioned. — Of  late  years,  suspenders  are  slowly  taking  the 
place  of  belts  among  the  men. 

I. — Receptacles  for  dress. 

Xets,  knapsnels,  and  skin-hags. — Very  few,  if  anj*. 

Trunks,  chests,  tCr. — Trunks  are  very  common  for  this  purpose.  See 
sec,  3,  A,  '•  Boxes."  In  their  better  houses,  some  of  their  clothes  are 
often  hung  up  on  the  walls.  There  are  also  a  few  American  valises 
among  them. 

V^  :y.-rERSOXAL  ADOnyMEST. 


M  EELLS    ON    THE    TWANA    INDIANS.  7& 

'-"'^  paint  to  prevent  their  blushes  being  seen.  They  paint  their  faces  very 
^■''  differently — sometimes  in  streaks  on  the  cheeks,  sometimes  the  whole 
'*^  cheek,  or  other  parts  of  the  face.  There  is  no  order  about  ii.  They 
^  use  their  tinf^ers  for  brushes.  Formerly  there  was  much  more  of  it  than 
'•  now,  it  being  almost  universal  in  time  of  war. 

The  native  red  paint  was  ootained  from  a  tree  in   the   mountains, 
''   and  apparently  has  the  grain  of  the  bark ;  but  from  their  ilescription 

of  it  I  think  it  is  a  parasite  of  the  tree,  and  is  prepared  in  some  way, 

which  certaiidy,  from  the  specimen  T  have  seen,  does  not  destroy   the 

grain  of  the  plant,  which  is  very  co.irse. 

Tattoos  and  apparatus. — A  little  of  this  is  done,  but  much  less  than 

formerly,  and  chiefly  now  among  the  children.     In  doing  it,  they  use  a 

needle  and  thread,  blackening  the  thread  with  charcoal,  and  drawing  it 

under  the  skin  as  deeply  as  they  can  bear  it. 

Scarring  lancets  and  Jl int. — There  rre  none  now.     Probably  there  were 

formerly,  but  I  cannot  learn  definitely  about  them. 

13. — Head  ornaments. 

Flumes  and  the  like. — It  is  very  seldom  now  that  they  wear  native 
plumes  in  their  hats.  Formerly  they  were  quite  common,  eagle's  and 
hawks'  feathers  being  preferred.  Occasionally  now  in  play  the  boys 
put  a  feather  in  their  hats.  Two  or  three  of  the  men  have  their  caps 
trimmed  with  a  band  of  fur  or  red  velvet.  The  few  women  who  have 
hats  have  an  ostrich  feather  in  them,  bought  with  them. 

Hair-2>ins. — Some  of  the  women  braid  the  hair  and  puc  it  up  with 
pins ;  a  few  put  it  up  in  nets,  but  generally  it  is  left  to  hang  down  un- 
braided. 

Tuching-comhs. — Very  few  are  used. 

Earrings  and  pendants. — They  wear  both  native  ear-rings  and  Amer- 
ican cheap  jewelry.  One  kind  of  native  ear-ring  is  about  an  inch  square, 
green,  and  made  of  a  large  oyster  shell.  Another  is  their  ancient  mone^-, 
obtained,  as  they  say,  far  otf  in  the  ocean,  probably  north.  They  are 
white,  about  an  inch  and  three-fourths  in  length,  three-sixteenths  in 
diameter  at  the  larger  end,  and  tapering  toward  the  smaller  end  and 
slightly  curved.  Small  bits  of  black  or  red  cloth  are  thrust  intt  the 
large  end  of  them.  About  ten  of  them  are  worn  in  each  ear.  They 
also  buy  of  other  Indians,  one  made  of  silver,  about  two  inches  long, 
one-half  an  inch  in  diameter  at  the  lower  end,  and  tapering  toward  the 
upper  end.  I  have  also  seen  money  used  as  a  child's  ear-ring.  Except 
in  the  cases  of  a  few  old  ones,  the  men  wear  none.  The  old  women 
more  commonly  wear  the  shells,  and  tlie  younger  ones  American  cheap 
jewelry. 

Headhands  were  also  made  of  the  second  kind  of  shell,  used  for  ea"- 
rings  (see  ear-rings  of  present  section);  also  used  for  money,  and  called 
dentalia.  Enough  of  these  were  strung  to  go  around  the  head,  but 
often  ten  or  fifteen  were  placed  side  by  side,  making  a  wide  head-band 


76  BULLETIN   UNITED    STATES,  GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

ChecTcstuds,  inouthpc{/s,  lahrcts,  nose  ornaments,  teeth  mutilations,  and 
ornaments. — Xone  are  used  now.  Formerly'  they  bored  holes  in  the 
nose,  into  which  they  inserted  quills  or  shells,  the  second  described 
among  the  ear-rings  in  this  paragraph. 

C. — Neck-oknaments. 

SecJilaces. — Those  of  beads  are  often  worn,  the  blue  color  being  pre- 
ferred, the  second  kind  of  shells  spoken  of  under  the  previous  para- 
graph. Ear-rings  were  formerly  sometimes  used  for  this  purpose. 
American  cheap  jewelry  is  also  sometimes  worn  now.  All  of  these  are 
■worn  chiefly  by  the  women. 

D. — Breast  and  body  orna3ients. 

Gorgets  and  ornamental  chains;  nipjylestuds. — There  are  none  in  exist- 
ence now,  nor  have  they  been  used  as  far  as  I  can  learn. 

Ornamental  girdles,  sashes,  tfcc. — There  are  none  now,  but  they  for- 
merly were  used. 

E. — Ornaments  of  the  limbs. 

Armlets. — There  are  none  now,  and  I  do  not  know  that  they  have  been 
used. 

Bracelets. — American  ones  are  often  worn  by  the  women,  of  copper, 
brass,  silver,  and  gutta-percha. 

Finger-rings. — Those  of  American  manufacture  are  ofteu  worn,  chiefly 
by  the  women,  ma<le  both  of  silver  and  gold. 

Anl-Iets. — There  are  none  worn  now,  but  those  of  copper  and  brass 
were  formerly  used. 

F. — TOILET-ARTICLES. 

Cosmetics. — Xone  except  paiut. 

Pomades  for  the  hair. — Hair-oil  is  very  often  used,  and  formerly  they 
used  bear  and  other  oils,  but  nothing  for  coloriug  the  hair. 

Soaps  and  substit^ites  therefor. — American  soaps  are  verj'  common. 
They  also  use  a  kind  of  sugar  colored  clay,  and  the  leaves  of  some 
trees. 

Combs. — American  ones  are  in  common  use.  Formerly  they  made 
them  of  wood.  1  have  one  with  teeth  about  two  and  a  half  inches 
Jong,  and  five  of  them  to  the  inch,  but  they  vary  in  size. 

Brushes. — American  hair  and  clothes  brushes  are  often  used. 

Ticeezersfor  removing  hair  and  heard. — They  make  them  of  steel  and 
tin,  and  sometimes  pull  out  the  beard  between  the  finger  and  a  knife. 

Mirrors. — Small  American  ones  are  very  common. 

Perfumes. — All  kinds  of  American  perfumes  which  they  can  obtain 
they  use.    They  also  use  sweet-scented  roots. 


EELLS    ON    THE    TWANA    INDIANS.  TT 

G. — OTnER   PERSONAL   ORNAMENTS. 

Fans. — Boughs  of  trees  are  used  for  fans,  also  birds'  wings  and  tails, 
especially  those  of  eagles  and  hawks. 

Parasols,  shailes. — None  are  used  to  i)rotect  them  from  the  sun.  A 
few  have  American  umbrellas  for  rainy  weather. 

Artificial  Jioicers. — The  few  women  who  have  American  hats  have 
artificial  flowers  in  them.    They  use  no  others. 

Beads. — They  are  common  for  necklaces:  a  few  also  use  them  for  trim- 
ming dresses.    A  few  children  have  their  dresses  trimmed  witli  dimes, 

on  the  shoulders. 

0  C.—  IMrLKMEXTS. 

I. — Of  f/eneral  vse. 

Knires. —  American  eating,  butcher,  and  i)ocket  knives  are  in  com- 
mon use.  They  also  make  one  of  steel,  with  a  wooden  handle.  It  is 
about  six  or  eight  inches  long,  and  curves  at  the  end,  as  shown  at  Fig. 
L,  Plate  23. 

Chopper-knircs. — They  use  none.  Formerly  they  made  one  similar  in 
shape  to  a  chop[)ing-knife,  of  tin,  for  opening  salmon. 

Axes  and  hatchets. — All  use  American  ones,  as  they  do  a  large  amount 
of  logging. 

Adzes  and  wood-scrapers. — They  make  a  small  hand-adze  of  a  large 
file,  sharp'ening  it  at  one  end  and  fastening  the  other  to  one  branch  of  a 
forked  stick  with  rawhi<le,  while  the  other  branch  is  used  as  the  handle. 
Each  branch  is  about  six  or  eight  inches  long. 

Wedfjes  and  matils. — Both  are  in  use.  The  mauls  are  made  by  them- 
selves, as  xlmericans  make  tliem,  or  with  the  help  of  the  Government 
carpenter.  Old  ax-heads  are  also  often  used  for  wedges.  They  were 
formerly  made  of  elk-horns,  ])ieces  a  foot  in  length  being  cut  off  from 
the  base  where  they  are  two  and  a  half  or  three  inches  in  diameter, 
Wooden  ones  are  also  used. 

Chisels,  gouf/es,  and  the  like. — They  have  American  chisels, 

San-ing-tools. — American  hand  aad  cross-cut  saws  are  in  common  use, 
the  latter  chiefly  in  logging. 

Rammers. — They  use  American  ones  chiefly.  A  few  have  the  old 
stone  ones,  made  in  the  shape  of  a  pestle. 

Drills  and  perforators,  embracing  awls,  reamers,  hand  and  hoic  drills. — 
American  awls  and  augers  are  in  common  use. 

Clamps  and  nippers. — They  have  American  nippers. 

Ras2)s  and  other  smoothingtools. — They  have  American  drawing-knives 
for  smoothing  boards,  and  some  of  them  are  able  to  use  a  plane,  but 
they  own  none. 

Whetstones  and  other  sharpening  tools. — They  have  American  whet- 
stones, and  some  own  grindstones.  Ti)ey  use  American  files,  large  and 
small,  for  filing  saws. 


78      BULLETIN  UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

Levers,  dt'. — They  use  wooden  levers  and  caut-books  for  rollin.vj  loj^s. 
They  also  have  some  American  blocks  aud  tackle. 

Tool-boards  and  boxes. — They  have  no  tool-boards.  Any  common  box 
answers  for  holding  the  smaller  tools,  aud  the  large  ones  are  kept  any 
where  about  the  house. 

II. — [mplemcnts  of  war  and  the  chase. 

A. — Striking. 

Clubs  of  rarious  forms  and  material. — Formerly  they  made  such  ot 
wood  and  stones  large  enough  to  be  handled  easily. 

B. — TUROWING-WEArONS. 

Slings  and  shots  or  stones. — Slings  and  stones  are  used  as  i)laythings 
by  the  boys,  aud  formerly  by  the  young  men  in  killing  ducks. 

Fire-2>ots. — Those  filled  with  pitch-wood  were  formerly  used  to  set 
on  fire  houses  into  which  an  enemy  had  tied.  A  part  of  the  besieging 
force  would  attack  one  side  of  the  house  in  order  to  draw  the  attention 
of  the  besieged  away  from  the  opposite  side,  when  the  party  with  these 
tire-pots  would  approach,  set  on  fire  the  pitch-wood,  throw  it  on  the 
roof,  and  as  the  besieged  attempted  to  escape  they  were  killed  with 
spears,  dubs,  knives„or  were  shot. 

C. — Weapons  for  cutting  and  striking. 

Battle-axes,  tomahairl:'^,  and  the  like. — Xonearein  use  now.  Formerly 
they  had  them  made  of  stoue,  and,  after  they  were  able  to  obtain  them, 
hatchets  were  used,  though  not  to  throw. 


•»5' 


D. — TlIRUSTING-WEAPONS. 

Lances  and  lance-heads. — These,  about  eight  feet  long,  were  formerly 
used  iu  both  war  aud  the  chase.  The  points  were  stone,  iron,  bone,  yew, 
or  ironwood. 

Harpoons  and  points. — These  were  formerly  used  in  fishing.  See  be- 
yond, under  ''  Fishing-implements." 

Daggers. — They  formerly  made  them  of  files  or  other  suitable  iron 
which  they  could  obtain,  and  they  are  used  some  now. 

Spears  and  points. — A  duck-spear,  which  is  fifteen  or  twenty  feet  long, 
with  four  or  five  prongs  at  the  end,  so  far  apart  that  a  duck  may  be 
caught  between  them.  At  the  end  of  each  prong  is  a  piece  of  steel 
about  six  inches  long,  made  from  an  old  file,  with  a  few  very  coarse 
teeth,  which  are  on  the  outside  so  that  they  will  not  injure  the  body  of 
the  bird,  and  yet  will  catch  among  the  feathers.  They  use  these  spears 
by  night,  going  in  their  canoes,  making  a  kind  of  dark  lantern,  so  that 
the  duck  will  not  see  the  men.     (See  Fig.  M,  Plate  23.) 


t 


EELLS    ON    THE    TWANA    INDIANS.  79 

E. — Projectile  weapons. 

« 

Boies  and  arroicH.  arroic  heads,  and  quirers. — At  present,  they  are  used 
only  as  pUiytliiiij^s  tor  children,  and  are  very  poor;  but  formerly  they 
were  very  coiniuon.  The  bows  were  about  three  feet  long,  and  were 
made  of  yew- wood  ;  the  strings  of  sinew,  or  the  intestines  of  raccoons. 
The  arrows  were  about  two  and  one-half  feet  long,  were  made  of  cedar, 
with  feathered  shafts,  and  points  of  stone,  and  of  nails  after  they  ob- 
tained them  ;  and  the  (juiver  of  wolfskin.  Arrow-hea<l.s  are  sometimes 
made  of  brass  or  iron,  two  or  three  inches  long,  half  an  inch  wide,  and 
very  thin,  and  of  very  hard  wood,  five  inches  long,  and  round.  Some- 
times, for  birds,  they  are  made  of  ironwood,  about  five  inches  long, 
with  two  prongs,  one  of  them  being  half  an  inch  shorter  than  the  other, 

Fire-armH  and  outfii. — llifles  and  muskets  are  very  (ioiumon,  the  men 
often  owning  several.  Their  shot-pouch  is  made  either  of  cloth  or 
leather,  and  their  powder  carried  either  in  the  flask  or  horn.  A  very 
common  sheath  for  the  gun  is  made  of  a  piece  of  a  blanket,  sewed  so 
that  the  gun  will  tit  into  it. 

Poison  for  missilefi. — None,  as  far  as  1  can  learn,  lias  been  used. 
Formerly',  they  sometimes  burned  their  spear-i»oints  a  little,  both  before 
and  after  wounding  an  enemy,  superstitiously  thinking  it  would  hurt 
worse,  or  poison  that  into  which  it  had  been  or  would  be  thrust. 

F. — Defensive  weapons. 

Piirryinti-stielcH,  shields,  helmets,  visors,  mail,  greares,  fetters,  snares,  pit- 
falls, stockades,  earthicorks,  and  other  fortifications. — None  are  in  use 
now,  nor  do  I  learn  that  they  ever  were,  in  war.  In  hunting,  they 
formerly  sometimes  used  pitfalls,  and  also  made  stockades  of  sticks  in 
the  form  of  a  V,  at  the  small  end  of  which  was  a  net  made  of  string. 
The  deer  being  driven  into  the  V  would  attemi)t  to  escai)e,  but  not  see- 
ing the  net,  would  catch  his  horns  in  it,  and  then  was  killed.  The  string 
for  the  net  was  made  of  nettlestalk  tiber  twisted. 

G. — Besieging  and  assaultinct  contrivances. 

The  only  one  of  which  1  learn  has  been  described  in  B  of  the  present 
section,  "  Fire-pots." 

II. — Armories. 
They  had  none. 

I. — Trophies  and  standards. 

Scalps  and  the  like ;  tomahawks  of  ceremony  and  other  standards  - 
trophies  erected  to  commemorate  victories. — As  far  as  I  can  learn,  none 
of  these  have  ever  been  in  use. 

Skulls. — The  heads  of  the  enemy  were  formerly  brought  Lome  as  em 
blems  of  triumph. 


80  BULLETIN    UNITED    STATES    GEOLOGICAL    ST'RVEY. 

K. — OXHEU   WEAPONS. 

Deadfalls  were  formerly  used  in  huntin;;,  some  of  them  very  Iarf:;( 
with  weights  so  lieavv  that  tliev  would  kill  lar^fo  .animals.  As  the, 
have  had  no  war  either  with  the  whites  or  other  Indians  for  eighteen  o 
twenty  years,  it  is  almost  imimssible  to  describe  minutely  their  weapon  ^ 
or  mode  of  war.  They  are  now  a  very  peaceful  tribe.  If  by  any  clianc 
a  war  >:liould  occur,  it  is  jirobable  that  an  observer  would  learn  man\ 
things  of  which  we  now  have  no  report.  7 

llD 

III. — Implements  of  special  use.  su 

A. — Flint  and  stone  work,  emgracing  also  working  in  ivory  ^j 

AND   OTHER   HARD   MATERIALS. 

Qunm/Dnj,  tlakhig  by  tire  and  otherwise,  chipping,  peeking,  grinding.  P* 
iharptning.  ^.olishing,  perforaiing,  earring. — They  do  no  such  work  now.  l'^ 
and  hence  have  no  such  implements.  I  have  been  told  that  they  never 
did  much  such  work,  but  bought  their  stone  implements  of  other  Indians  :  ^ 
but  i  am  inclined  to  think  they  did  make  some  stone  hammers,  pipes,  ^^ 
and  arrow-heads,  but  if  they  did  it  was  so  long  ago  that  it  is  impossible  * 
to  describe  the  process  or  the  implements. 

r.. — Implements  for  fire  making  and  utilizing.  r 

n 

Hand-drills  and  tire-sticls,  hoicdriJh;  Jiint  and  steel  or  other  pyrites,   j. 

moss,  pintk.  and  tinder-tongs,  bellows,  other  fire-tools,  and  special  fuels. — I 
do  not  learn  that  they  ever  used  tongs  or  bellows.    Formerly  a  fire  was   j 
made  with  two  sticks,  holding  one  perpendicular  to  the  other,  letting    ^ 
one  end  of  it  press  on  the  side  of  the  other,  and  rubbing  it  briskly  be- 
tween the  hands.     Fire  was  then  very  valuable,  and  was  often  carried    » 
very  carefully  long  distances  from  one  camp  to  another  by  inclosing  .it    ] 
closely  between  two  sticks,  so  that  very  little  air  should  strike  it.    This 
process  was  used  twenty  or  twenty-five  years  ago.     Afterward,  when 
they  obtained  tlint-lock  muskets,  they  struck  lire  with  them.     Of  late 
years,  they  use  matches  almost  entirely.     Fir  pitch-wood  is  also  very 
common  in  helping  to  start  the  fire,  and  also  for  a  light   out-doors, 
especially  wlien  fishing  in  the  night.     They  frequently  bring   small 
bundles  of  it  to  the  whites  for  sale. 

C. — Implemenls  for  bow  and  arrow  making. 

Bow  dressing,  bowstring-making,  arrow  straightening  and  polishing; 
cement  and  stickx. — As  at  present,  bows  and  arrows  are  only  used  as 
playthings  by  the  children  ;  the  making  of  them  is  of  no  special  import- 
ance. They  are  made  with  a  knife,  and  any  common  strong  string  is 
used.  A  straight  cedar  stick  is  split  for  arrows,  a  few  common  feathers 
tied  on,  the  point  split,  and  a  nail  tied  into  it.  For  further  particulars 
see  sec.  G,  II,  E. 


EELLS    ON    THE    TWANA    INDIANS.  81 

D. — P'ISHING-IMPLEMENTS  OTHER   THAN  WEAPONS. 

'  Hooks  and  lines. — Tbey  buy  Americaa  lines,  also  some  American 
hooks.  They  make  a  large  number  from  steel  and  bone,  which  they 
prefer,  as  they  say  they  are  stronger  than  American  ones.    By  heating 

.and  filing  the  steel,  they  bring  't  into  the  proper  shape.  One  kind  of 
salmon-hook  is  made  of  a  straight  piece  of  steel,  about  six  inches 
long,  and  sharp.  On  each  side  of  it  pieces  of  bone  are  tied.  A 
line  is  attached  to  it,  and  also  a  pole  fifteen  or  twenty  feet  long,  in 
such  a  way  that  by  means  of  the  pole  it  may  be  driven  into  the  fish,  the 
pole  drawn  out,  and  the  hook  remain,  held  by  the  string,  when  it  is 

'  drawn  in. 

Gigs,  harpoons. — Harpoons  are  sometimes  used  for  seal-fishing.  The 
point  is  of  iron,  and  the  spear  and  line  used  as  with  the  salmon-hook 
just  described. 

P      Spears. — For  one  kind,  see  sec.  A,  of  the  present  chapter.     A  her- 

.  ring-spear  or  rake  is  made  about  fifteen  feet  long,  and  on  the  lower  end 
for  three  feet  sharj)  iron  points,  often  made  of  nails,  are  driven  iu  about 
an  inch  apart. 

Ifets. — They  generally  buy  American  twine  and  make  them.  For  one 
kind,  see  the  following  description  of  weirs.  There  is  one  net  on  the 
reservation  about  four  or  five  hundred  feet  long  and  forty  feet  wide, 
made  of  twine,  buoyed  with  blocks  made  of  cedar,  and  used  for  catch- 
ing salmon  in  salt-water. 

Probes,  ice-breakers,  stools.,  skewers,  tCr,,  for  seal-fishing. — They  have 
none.  In  catching  them,  they  shoot  them  or  spear  them  at  night.  For 
spear,  see  harpoons. 

Weirs  and  traps  of  every  kind. — Weirs  are  made  across  the  ri  er. 
They  are  of  small  sticks,  about  an  inch  in  diameter  and  six  feet  long, 
fastened  closely  together,  so  that  a  fish  cannot  run  up  between  them. 
A  number  of  nets  are  made  of  twine,  about  eight  feet  across,  and  in  the 
shape  of  a  shallow  bowl,  the  rim  being  of  wood  bent  around.  These 
are  let  into  the  water  at  night  below  the  weir,  and  closely  watched.  A 
few  strings,  one  end  of  which  is  tied  to  them  and  the  other  end  above, 
indicate  when  a  salmon  is  in  it,  when  it  is  hauled  up,  and  the  fish 
killed. 

E. — Hinting  IMPLEMENTS  other  than  weapons. 

Traps  and  snares. — American  steel-traps  are  often  used  in  catching 

mink  and  beaver. 

F. — Leather-working  tools. 

Butchering  and  fiaying. — For  this  an  American  knife,  commonly  a 
bntcher-kiiife  or  large  pocket-knife,  is  used. 

Scrapers,  tanning. — The  deer  or  elk  hide  is  soaked  for  two  days,  and 
the  hair  removed  by  scraping  it  with  a  rough  iron.  It  is  then  soaked  a 
half  a  day  with  the  deer-brains,  in  hot  water,  over  a  fire;  the  deer- 

6  BULL 


82      BULLETIN  UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

braius  beiug  rubbed  over,  somethiug  like  soap.  It  is  then  stretched,  at 
rubbed  witli  rocks  uutil  it  becomes  soft  aad  pliable,  when  they  dig 
liole  iu  the  ground,  build  a  tire  of  rotteu  wood  or  cedar  bark,  streti 
the  skiu  over  it,  and  cover  it  with  blankets,  thus  smoking  it,  alt 
which  it  is  fit  for  use. 


1 


in 


Leatheru-orklmi,  crimping,  se  icing,  ahoemalcing,  fringing,  braiding,  nui 
ing  babiche,  dc — There  is  very  little  of  this  now,  as  has  already  bet 
stated.  They  sell  most  of  their  tanned  deer  and  elk  skins  to  Amer 
cans.  In  sewing  into  moccasins,  they  use  a  needle  and  awl,  thread  an 
sinew.     I  have  not  seen  auv  of  the  other  kinds  of  work  mentioned. 


G.— BUILDEES'  TOOLS. 


01 


Tent-making. — They  have  no  real  tents,  only  mat  houses,  in  the  makin 
of  which  they  use  an  ax,  hatchet,  hammer,  and  a  few  nails. 

Felling  trees. — American  axes  are  always  used.  a 

Making  jAanks. — They  are  bought  at  the  American  saw-mills.    Fo;  \ 
merly  they  were  split  from  cedar-trees  with  wedges.  c 

Smoothing  wood. — The  knife,  ax,  hand-adze,  and  drawing-knife,  aii    1 
a  few  use  Government  planes,  though  they  own  none.  e 

Holloicing  and  carving  wood. — The  knife,  ax,  hatchet,  and  hand-adz 
are  commonly  used. 

Prtirtfm^.— Generally  this  is  done  with  the  fingers  or  a  cloth;  seldon 
if  ever,  using  a  brush. 

Boat-building. — They  make  no  boats  except  canoes,  in  the  making  0    , 
which  an  ax  and  the  hands  are  the  principal  implements  used. 

I  — Potters'  tools. 

As  has  been  already  stated  (sec.  3,  A),  they  do  no  work  of  this  kimi 
and  hence  have  no  tools. 

J.— Tools  for  mining  and  metallurgy. 

!Sledges  for  breaJcing  ore,  hammers  and  anril-stones  for  cold  metal,  smeh 
ing  and  molding  ajjparatus,  smithing-tools,  implements  for  gold  and  sih\ 
working. — They  do  no  stone,  gold,  and  silver  working,  and  hence  hav- 
no  tools.  In  working  iron  for  making  spear-points  and  fish-hooks,  tbe 
use  an  ax  and  hammer  and  file  and  fire. 

K.— Tools  for  procuring  and  manufacturing  food. 

Eoot  diggers.— ShsiTi>po'mteil  sticks  and  iron  tools  are  used.  * 
Gathering-baskets  and  fans.— Their  common  baskets,  of  all  kinds  au 

sizes,  are  used ;  the  water-tight  ones  more  especially  for  berries  and  tL 

larger  ones  for  roots.    (See  sec.  3,  A.) 

Pounding-baskets  and  pesths— Their  water-tight  baskets  are  used  i: 

which  to  pound  the  food,  and  any  rough  rock  or  tbe  hand  for  pounding 


LELL8    ON    THE    TWANA    INDIANS.  83 

L.— AGRICrLTLRAL   IMPLEMENTS. 

Spailf's,  .shorels,  hoes,  ntkes. — All  of  these  of  American  inciiiufiK'tuiv  are 
in  constant  use,  a  large  share  of  which  they  liave  r^-eeived  aiuouj;  their 
€h)veruiueut  annuities. 

Ploics. — Generally  they  <lij;  their  gardens  with  the  hoe  or  sj>a<le. 
When  they  wish  to  plow,  which  is  sehloiu,  they  borrow  a  Government 
plow,  as  they  own  none. 

Uarrestingtools,  (jrananeN. — As  they  raise  no  grain,  they  have  none. 

For  cuttin};  hay,  they  use  American  scythes ;  forked  sticks  in  the  shape 

<rf  forks,  and  American  forks  for  putting  it  up,  and  haul  it  in  with  oxeu 

OB  a  sled. 

M. — Basket  WORKING  tools. 

Tools,  ornamentation  patterns. — They  use  but  few  tocjls  in  doing  this; 
a  knife  in  cutting  and  si»litting  the  material,  and  an  awl  in  sewing  the 
water-tight  baskets.  The  rest  of  the  work  is  done  with  the  fingers.  For 
ornamentation,  see  sec.  A  of  the  present  chapter.  There  is  no  particu- 
lar figure  in  this  oruauientatiou.  nor  does  it  mean  anything,  but  is  done 
simply  for  beauty. 

N. — Tools  for  making  and  working  fiber. 

Carding  and  hackling. — They  have  none  for  hackling  now.  Formerly 
when  they  made  string  out  of  nettle-stalks,  they  scraped  them  with  a 
shell  or  knife.  Some  of  them  use  American  cards  for  cardiugwool  very 
well. 

Spinning,  twisting, — Some  of  them  roll  the  wool  on  their  laps  with 
their  hands,  and  make  a  coarse  yarn.  A  more  common  way  is  to  use  a 
native  hand-wheel,  eight  or  ten  inches  in  diameter,  through  the  center  of 
wLch  a  spindle  twelve  or  fifteen  inches  long  is  inserted  at  right  angles. 
This  is  rolled  by  one  hand  on  the  lap  and  the  wool  held  by  the  other. 
This  year  a  few  American  spinning-wheels  have  been  introduced  among 
their  annuities,  and  are  well  liked. 

Knitting. — This  they  do  with  American  knitting-needles. 

Weaving,  matting. — These  have  been  described  under  section  A  of  the 
present  chapter. 

Ornamenting. — The  needle  is  chiefly  used  in  ornamenting  common 
work. 

Seicing  emhroiderij  xcith  heads. — American  needles  are  used. 

For  braiding. — The  hands  are  used. 

For  dyeing. — Dark  mud  is  used  in  dyeing  black;  the  grass  which  they 
use  in  ornamenting  their  baskets  and  the  root  of  the  wild  Oregon 
grape  in  coloring  orange. 


I 


O. — Implements  of  nomadic  and  pastoral  life. 


Tools  for  marking  cattle. — They  have  but  few  cattle,  which  they  rea<lily 
know,  and  do  not  mark  them. 


84      BULLETIN  UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

Wliips. — Generally  any  common  stick  is  used.  A  few  have  whips, 
with  wooden  handles,  about  a  foot  and  a  half  long,  and  a  lash  of  raw 
hide  inserted  into  the  end. 

Tethers,  halters,  lassos,  lariats. — For  these  they  use  chiefly  American 
hemp  ropes.    Formerly  they  used  those  made  of  rawhide. 

P.— ImPLE^IENTS  of  SPECIAL  CRAFTS  NOT  ENUMERATED. 

Lojrging  is  a  very  prominent  business  among  them,  as  they  sell  the 
logs  to  the  different  saw-mills  on  the  sound.  After  the  road  is  built, 
they  cut  the  timber.  As  they  wish  to  cut  the  trees  much  higher  than 
they  can  when  they  stand  on  the  ground,  they  cut  notches  in  the  tree, 
and  insert  therein  a  plank,  about  4  or  5  feet  long,  and  6  or  8  inches 
wide,  with  the  end  ironed,  on  which  they  stand  and  cut  with  an 
ax.  When  the  tree  has  fallen,  they  measure  it  with  a  pole,  saw  it  with 
a  c/oss-cnt  saw,  and  take  off  a  part  of  the  bark,  so  that  it  will  slide 
easily.  Thiy  is  done  with  an  ax,  or  a  heavy  iron  made  for  the  purpose, 
about  3  feet  long,  widened  and  sharpened  at  the  end.  They  then 
haul  the  logs  to  the  water  with  three  yoke  of  oxen.  For  a  whip  they 
use  a  small  stick  about  5  or  6  feet  long,  with  a  small  brad  in  the  end, 
with  which  they  punch  the  cattle.  They  use  American  yokes  and 
chains.  When  the  saws  are  dull,  they  file  and  set  them  with  American 
files  and  saw-sets.  When  the  boom  is  full,  a  steamer  from  the  mill 
comes  for  it  and  tows  it  to  the  mill.  The  money  being  received,  they 
first  pay  the  necessary  expenses  of  running  the  camp,  including  the 
provisions,  and  divide  the  rest  among  themselves  according  to  the 
amount  of  work  done  by  each.  They  mess  together,  some  of  their  wives 
generally  cooking  for  the  camp. 

^  7.—MEAXS  OF  LOCOMOTION  AND   TEJXSPORTATIOX. 

A.— Traveling  by  water. 

Dug  outs,  canoes. — They  do  a  large  amount  of  traveling  by  water, 
chiefly  in  canoes.  These  are  dug  out  of  a  single  cedar-tree  and  vary  in 
size.  The  largest  are  about  30  feet  long  and  5^  wide  and  2  deep,  and 
the  smallest  about  10  feet  long,  2^  wide,  and  8  inches  deep.  They  make 
but  few  here  larger  than  those  22  feet  long,  4  wide,  and  IJ  deep.  The 
larger  ones  are  bought  of  the  Clallam  Indians,  who  in  turn  buy  them 
of  the  Indians  of  British  Columbia. 

Boats  built  from  logs  or  of  platiks.— There  is  one  small  sloop  owned  by 
one  of  the  Indians,  which  was  bought  from  an  American. 

Sailing-crafts. — The  larger  canoes  and  sloop  carry  sails. 

Bridges,  ferries,  d-c— Bridges  are  made  with  log  stringers,  and  cov- 
ered with  logs,  or  split  cedar.  In  crossing  a  large  river  where  there 
is  no  bridge,  they  swim  their  horses,  and  take  their  things  over  in 
canoes. 


FELLS    OX    THE    TWAXA    IXDL\X.S.  85 

li. — Appurtenances  to  the  foreuoino. 

Poles  for  propelling^  2)HshiHg-8ticks. — Xoue. 

ruddles. — There  are  two  kiuds,  eacU  about  four  or  five  feet  long,  the 
blade  two  aucl  a  half  to  three  feet  long,  aud  five  or  six  iuches  wide,  and 
a  second  handle  three  or  four  inches  long  at  the  end  of  the  main  handle, 
and  at  right  angles  to  it.  The  blade  of  one  kind  is  straight;  that  of  the 
other  kind  curves  (see  Plate  23,  Figs.  X  aud  O).  The  first  is  most 
generally  used,  but  the  latter  is  used  in  the  river  for  pushing  ott"  from 
logs,  the  point  being  made  for  that  purjiose,  and  there  being  many  in 
the  river.    They  are  generally  made  of  maple  or  yew. 

Oars. — A  very  few  are  used,  generally  six  or  seveu  feet  long,  and 
made  of  cedar. 

Sails. — All  the  larger  canoes  are  made  to  carry  sail,  and  the  largest 
two  or  three,  which  are  of  cloth.  Formerly  they  were  of  cedar-bark 
il}ats,  made  by  the  Makah  In«^ans. 

Rudders. — Very  few  are  use  1,  as  they  generally  steer  with  a  paddle. 

Anchors. — GeTierally  a  large  stone,  or  piece  of  iron  of  any  shape,  an- 
swers for  these. 

Cables  and  tackle,  cleats  for  various  uses,  dead-eyes. — None,  except  in 
the  American-made  ones  in  the  sloop. 

Outrigyers. — Booms  and  sprits  are  used  for  spreading  sail. 

C. — Traveling  on  foot. 

Carrying-straps,  baskets. — The  common  water-tight  and  mat  baskets 
are  used  for  this  purpose.  For  a  description  of  them  and  straps  see 
sec.  3,  A,  of  the  present  chapter.  In  addition  to  these,  others  of  the  same 
shape  are  made,  but  the  material  is  bark,  and  they  are  also  used  in 
carrying  loads  of  wood  ai  d  bark.  They  are  used  almost  entirely  by  the 
women  and  very  old  men. 

Staff  for  mountain-travel,  scrip  or  haversack,  canteens,  carrying-nets  and 
yokes,  sedan  for  carrying  travelers,  skates,  ive-vreepers,  and  the  like,  and 
snoic-shoes. — I  do  not  know  that  any  of  these  things  are  used.  There  is 
but  little  snow  and  ice  here  during  the  winter,  therefore  they  have  no 
special  means  of  tiaveling  in  that  way. 

D.— Land  conveyances  and  other  means  of  transportation. 

Saddles  and  their  parts. — American  saddles  and  their  rigging  are  used. 
Ko  womeus'  saddles  are  used,  the  women  riding  like  the  men  on  men's 
saddles. 

Bridles  and  halters  of  all  kinds. — American  bridles  are  used,  but  often 
a  rope  is  put  in  the  animal's  mouth  for  a  bridle.  American  leather  halt- 
ers and  hemp  ropes  are  used  for  tying. 

Packs,  panniers. — Sometimes  they  pack  on  American  pack-saddles, 
and  sometimes  on  riding-saddles,  often  carrying  large  loads  on  the 
horses  which  they  ride. 


8()  BL'LLETIN    INITED    STATES    GEOLOGICAL    SIRVEY. 

IlarncHH  for  horses. — This  year  a  nnniber  of  American  harnesses  hii\ 
been  turnish«'«l  tliera  ainoii;^  their  annuities.     I'revionsly  to  that,  a  It 
ropes  a'      oands  rouj^hly  put  toirether  generally  answered  the  little  ib 
they  had  for  them.     American  ox-yokes  are  used  always  with  the  oxei 

Trappings,  tasstis,  sadiUe-vloths,friiujes. — Hardly  anything  of  this  kin 
is  used. 

^h>}(ies,  emhracbuj  sihVmg  rehUhs  of  nif  linds. — Sleds  are  in  commo 
use  for  hauling  hay,  lumber,  Hcc.  Some  are  very  roughly  made  an 
slender;  others  are  quite  strong.  As  the  reservation  is  not  three  milt 
square,  with  water  on  two  sides  of  it,  and  the  greater  portion  of  thei 
houses  not  far  from  the  water,  they  do  most  of  their  transportation  i 
canoes. 

RoadtnaJciny  and  tools. — Roads  for  common  traveling  are  simple, 
trail  sufficiently  wide  for  walking  and  traveling  on  horseback  being  cii 
through  the  timber  with  an  ax.    A  few  roads  are  wide  enough  for 
sled,  drawn  generally  by  oxen.    Their  logging  roads  are  more  ex[>ei: 
sive.    Of  necessity  in  hauling  louy  logs  there  cannot  be  short  turns  i: 
them,  they  must  be  tolerably  level,  and  also  must  go  through  heav 
timber.    Large  trees  must  be  cut  down,  large  logs  cut  out  of  the  wa} 
roots  dug  out,  holes  filled  up,  and  small  banks  dug  down.    This  is  don- 
with  axes,  saws,  spades,  and  shovels.    Then  skids,  about  a  foot  in  diaui 
eter  and  eight  feet  long,  are  placed  across  the  road,  at  intervals  of  abou 
ten  feet,  on  which  the  logs  are  hauled.    Where  it  is  very  muddy,  espe 
cially  over  the  salt-water  marsh,  corduroy  road  and  bridge  are  made 
On  one  road  there  is'more  than  a  thousand  feet  of  this  work.    The  skid- 
are  kept  constantly  oiled  with  dog-tish  oil,  so  that  the  logs  may  slid* 
easily. 

Postal  apparatus  for  sending  inessages,  means  of  signaling,  public  conveij 
ances. — None.  When  they  wish  to  send  a  message,  some  one  goes  \i 
person,  or  occasionally  they  get  some  one  who  can  write  to  write  fo: 
them  and  send  by  mail. 

^y^.—MEASUBIXG  AXD  VALUING. 

A.— Counting. 
The  extent  and  character  of  their  numeral  system  : — 


1.  Da'-kus. 

2.  Es-sa'-le. 

3.  Cho'-us. 

4.  Boo'-sus. 


10.  O'-pah-dich. 

11.  O'-pah-dich-klo-de  dakus. 
20.  Tsub-klak'. 

30.  Chah-dahk'-klak. 


5.  Tsa-whess'  (whisper  first  sylla-  ■  40.  Shtib-oo'-sus. 


ble). 

6.  E*pah'-chy. 

7.  Tu-khos'. 

8.  Tkah'-ehy. 


50.  Tsitss-a-whus' (whisper first  syl 

lable). 
60.  Stee-a-pah'-chy. 
70.  Stich-tu-kos. 


9.  Hwi'-lea.  80.  St-tu-kah'-chy. 


EELLS    ON    THE    TWANA    INItlAXS. 


87 


fM».  Sttnliwilo. 
100.  St-tii-|)alil  owlsf'. 
2<M>.  E.siil.  litii  palil-owlse. 
300.  ('lio-ns-tii-j)iiljlowl.se. 
400.  Jioo  .sus-tupahl  owlse. 
600.  Tsawliess-tn-pahl  owlse 
(whiaper  iirst  syllable). 


r»oo.  I->-a  pali-oliist  tn  pahl-owslo. 

70i».  Tii-kMS  htu  pahl-onlse. 

8<M(.  Tii-kah-cliisli-tii-pahl-owl.se. 

000.  Ilwilislitu-piihl  owlse. 

'  1.01(0.  ()i>ali(llcli-tii-pahl-owIse. 


Havinj:,'  no  written  lanjjiia<;«'i  nil  their  counting  is  verbal. 
Metho(h  of  ntlrnhittnf/. — Xone.  except  mentally. 

System  of  notntion,  if  ami  e.rists. — None,  except  sotnetiines  l)y  cultinj^ 
notches  on  a  stick,  or  the  like. 

B.—Measurinu, 

Linear  and  other  stanihirdn. — They  use  the  American  foot,  yard,  mile, 
&c. :  formerly  the  two  arms'  len<;ths.  For  cabic  measure,  they  use  pint, 
quart,  gallon,  bushel ;  formerly  a  basket  full. 

JJicisions  of  the  month  ami  year. — Now  they  use  the  American  hour, 
dav,  week,  and  month.  Formerlv  tln'v  divided  the  vear  into  moons,  or 
lanar  months,  aud  mouths  iuto  days.  Many  of  them  have  clocks,  aud  a 
few  have  watches. 

Namen  of  ilayfi,  months,  year,  heacenty  Itodie^,  and  points  of  the  compass. 


Moo  n, 

Slo-khwill'-um. 

June, 

Tah-ka-chid. 

Star, 

Kla-kla-chls'. 

July, 

Kwl-o-wflt-id. 

Sun, 

Klo-kwat'. 

Auyust, 

Kla-lach'-rid. 

January, 

Ha-hat. 

September, 

Ka-kabat. 

February, 

Stah-kwal'-deb. 

October , 

Kwa-la-kwobe. 

March, 

Sl-ai-kwiidst. 

November, 

Kwa-kwa'-chid. 

April, 

Sta-ko'-lit. 

December, 

Yil-shutl. 

May, 

Sta-kla'-chid. 

\ 

These  are  the  names  as  well  as  1  can  fiud  out.  They  are  nearly  out 
of  use,  and  the  young  men  who  understand  English  do  not  know  them. 
The  older  ones  can  only  begin  at  the  present  month,  November,  and 
count  backward  and  forward,  and  hence  they  may  be  a  little  inaccu- 
rate as  to  the  order.  The  beginning  and  end  do  not  exactly  agree  with 
ours,  but  are  nearly  as  indicated. 

There  are  no  names  for  the  points  of  the  compass ;  but  the  following 
are  the  names  for  the  winds  :  — 

North  icinrh  To-lo'-tsad. 
South  Kind,  To'-la-chul'-la. 
East  wind,     (No  word.) 
West  tcind,   Toz-ba'-dit. 
Before  the  Americans  came,  they  had  no  weeks,  but  simply  num- 


88  BULLETIN    UNITED    STATES    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

bered  the  days  iu  eacb  moou.    Since  that  time  they  liave  used  the  I   met 

lowing: —  gat 

Sunday,        Fla-ha-at'-lis.  ( 

Monday,       Tsla-pat'-lis.  801 

Tuesday,      Tsibbl-as'-sab.  hft 

Wednesday,  Cha-da-kwi-sub.  on* 

Thursday,    Biis-satli'-sub.  gr 

Friday,        Sii-kus-tU'-sub.  tb 

Saturday,    Sa-chub-its.  rii 

The  tiist  means  literally  holy  day;  the  second,  past,  /.  e.,  one  day  pasi 
the  third,  second  day  ;  the  fourth  name,  third  da>  ;  the  hfth,  tourth  dav 
the  sixth,  titth  day;  and  the  last,  alongside,  i.  c,  of,  Sunday. 

Number  of  (fenerations,  moonn,  hunting-seasons,  d'c,  to  which   memtHj. 
runs  back. — How  far  tradition  runs  back  they  do  not  know. 


lo 
fe 
t\ 
T 
1< 


C. — Valuing.  1 

c 

Means  of  establishing  ndue,  raJuing,  obligations,  liens,  transfers,  moneij.     \ 

d:e. — Formerly  they  had  a  kind  of  shell-money,  the  second  described     < 
under  ear-rings,  sec.  5,  B.     At  present,  they  use  the  American  standard     j 
coin,  both  gold  and  silver,  not  having  much  to  do  with  currency,  as  thev 
cannot  read,  and  cannot  tell  the  difference  in  the  value  of  currency 
Their  obligations,  liens,  transfers,  &!.'.,  were,  and  are,  all  verbal,  and 
are  sometimes  broken. 


s^  'X—nniTiXG. 


None  of  the  older  Indians  write,  and  none  of  the  others,  except  those 
who  have  been  in  our  schools.  I  send,  in  connection  with  Part  I,  some 
specimens  from  the  school.  They  are  generally  as  good  as  that  of  the 
children  of  the  white  eiuployes,  who  attetul  the  same  school  and  have 
written  for  the  same  length  of  time.  During  the  last  four  years,  the 
school  has  increased  from  an  j^. erage  atten«lance  of  five  to  thirty-live, 
which  is  all  that  the  Government  funds  will  support ;  for,  iu  order  to 
secure  anything  like  regular  attendance  and  cleanliness,  it  is  necessary 
to  keep  most  of  them  at  the  boarding-house,  where  Government  sup- 
ports, feeds,  and  clothes  them  ;  also  paying  the  teacher  $1,000  iu  cur- 
rency and  the  matron  8-500  per  annum.  Thus  far,  the  chddreu  have 
studied  only  reading,  spelling,  writing,  geography,  arithmetic,  and  gram- 
mar, all  being  taught  in  the  English  language,  their  own  language  never 
having  been  reduced  to  writing.  In  the  winter,  they  atteml  school  six 
hours  a  <lay,  and  in  the  summer  three  hours,  working  half  of  the  day, 
under  the  ttacher,  getting  wood,  in  the  garden,  and  the  like. 

^  w.—sroirrs  axd  pastimes. 

A. — Gambling. 

Number  of  g((mes  and  mode  of  playing  and  effect. — There  are  three 


EELLS    OX    THE    TWANA    INDIANS.  89 

I   methods:  with  loimd  blocks  m   disks,  with  bono,  and  the  vvoiueu's 
game. 

(1)  With  round  blovls. — The  men's  game  more  jj^enerally.  though 
sometimes  all  engage  in  it.  There  are  ten  blocks  in  a  set.  All  but  one 
have  a  white  or  black  and  white  rim.  Five  ot  them  are  kept  under 
one  hand  on  a  mat,  and  live  under  the  other,  covered  with  cedar  bark, 
ground  up  line.  After  l)eing  shulUed  round  and  round  for  a  short  time, 
the  opposite  party  guess^^s  under  which  hand  the  one  with  the  black 
rim  is.  If  he  guesses  aright,  he  wins  and  plays  next ;  but,  if  wrong,  he 
loses,  and  the  other  continues  to  play.  The  players  are  ten  or  twelve 
feet  apart.  Generally  tliey  have  six  or  more  sets  of  these  blocks,  so 
that  if,  as  they  suppose,  luck  does  not  atteiul  one  set,  they  try  another. 
They  generally  have  from  twelve  to  twenty-four  sticks,  a  few  inches 
long,  lying  ou  a  board  or  frame,  with  whi(;h  they  keej)  tally.  When  one 
party  wins,  a  stick  of  the  opjuisite  party  is  moved  to  his  side,  and  when 
he  loses,  it  is  moved  back  again.  If  fortune  attends  each  party  evenly, 
or  nearly  so,  it  naturally  takes  a  long  time  to  finish  a  game,  sometimes 
three  or  four  days.  Sometimes  two  persons  merely  are  interested,  one 
on  each  side;  but  on  special  occasions  nearly  the  whole  tribe  engage  in 
it,  being  attached  to  one  side  or  the  other.  When  one  player  is  tired, 
or  bad  luck  attends  him,  another  takes  his  place.  When  many  are  en- 
gaged, they  are  accon"^>anied  by  a  kind  of  drum,  au«l  those  belonging 
to  the  ])arty  playing  ballot)  and  sing  in  regular  time  to  keep  up  the 
spirits  of  the  i)layer.  Sometimes  they  play  foi"  fun,  but  in  large  games 
sometimes  for  "j.iOO  or  $400;  generally,  however,  for  only  a  small  amount. 
as  a  dollar  or  a  <linner.  There  is  a  tradition  in  regard  to  the  disks,  that 
wheu  the  Son  of  (rod  came,  a  lon;^  time  ago,  he  told  them  to  giveuj)  all 
bad  habits  and  things,  these  among  others;  that  he  took  the  disks  and 
threw  them  into  the  water,  but  that  they  came  back ;  he  then  threw 
them  into  the  fire,  but  the\'  came  out ;  he  threw  them  away  as  far  as  he 
could,  but  they  returned;  and  so  he  threw  thtnu  away  five  times,  and 
every  time  they  came  back  ;  al'ier  which  he  tohl  the  people  that  they 
might  use  them  for  fun  and  s[)ort. 

(-)  Game  icifh  one  or  two  small  hours. — The  young  men  and  older  boys 
play  this  most.  The  players  sit  o})positeeach  other,  about  six  feet  ai>art, 
from  one  to  six  or  more  on  a  side.  ea»;h  party  in  front  of  a  long  pole. 
Then  one  person  takes  one  or  both  of  the  bones  in  his  hands,  and  rai>idly 
changiis  them  from  one  hand  to  the  other.  One  person  on  the  oi)posite 
side  guesses  in  which  hand  one  is.  If  only  one  bone  is  used,  he  guesses 
■which  hand  it  is  in,  and  if  both  are  used  he  guesses  in  which  hand  a  cer- 
tain one  is.  If  he  guesses  aright,  he  wins  and  plays  next;  but  if  not, 
he  loses,  and  the  other  continues  to  play.  While  each  one  is  playing, 
the  rest  of  his  party  bea^  with  a  small  stick  upon  the  larger  one  in  front 
of  them,  and  keep  up  a  regular  sing  song  noise  in  regular  time.  Small 
sums  are  generally  bet  in  this  game,  from  oO  cents  to  $l.r)().  J)ill'ereut 
ones  play  according  as  they  are  more  or  less  successful.     Sometimes 


01 


90  BULLETIN    UNITED    STATES    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

they  grow  so  expert,  even  if  the  gness  is  right,  that  the  one  playii, 
can  change  the  bone  to  the  other  hand  withont  its  being  seen. 

(3)   Women's  game. — The  dice  are  made  of  beavers'  teeth  generally 
but  vsometimes  from  muskrat.s'  teeth.    There  are  two  pairs  of  them,  an 
generally  two  persons  play,  one  on  each  side ;  but  sometimes  there  ar^  +i 
two  or  three  on  each  side.    The  teeth  are  all  taken  in  one  hand,  an^l 
thrown  after  the  manner  of  dice.      One  has  a  string    around  the 
middle.     If  this  one  is  down   and   all  the  rest  up,  or  up  and  xh 
rest  down,  it  counts  four;  if  all  are  up  or  down,  it  counts  two;  if  on*    , 
pair  is  up  and  the  other  down,  it  counts  one;  and  if  one  pair  is  ui    , 
or.  down  and  the  other  divided,  unless  it  be  as  above  when  it  counts    ] 
four,  then  it  counts  nothing ;  30  is  a  game ;  but  they  generally  plav    , 
three  games,  and  bet  more  or  less,  morey,  dresses,  or  other  things, 
They  sometimes  learn  very  expertly  to  throw  the  one  with  the  string  on 
differently  from  the  others,  by  arranging  them  in  the  hand  so  that  they 
can  hold  this  one,  which  they  know  by  feeling,  a  trifle  longer  than  tbt 
others. 

The  general  effect  of  gambling  is  bad,  because  it  teaches  them  to  lie 
and  cheat,  and  many  other  evils  attend  it  besides  the  common  ones  oi  . 
loss  of  money,  and  the  excitement.    It  is  very  common  among  them, 
though  less  so  than  formerly.    Regular  dice,  chess,  and  checkers  art 
not  used,  and  cards  but  very  little. 

B. — Field  sports  and  pastimes. 

Horse-racing  and  sometimes  foot-racing  are  common.  Bets  are 
made  on  them,  generally  small,  but  occasionally  amounting  to  $300, 
and  are  said  to  have  amounted  occasionally  in  former  times  to  $1,000. 

Dancing  is  another  amusement,  which  was  formerly  very  much 
practised,  but  now  very  little.  There  are  no  partners  chosen,  but  men 
and  women  both  dance;  the  men  generally  being  together,  and  the 
women  by  themselves,  holding  on  to  each  other's  hands,  in  the  same 
room.  Their  dancing  is  chiefly  a  jumping  up  and  down,  keeping  time 
to  the  music,  which  consists  of  singing,  hallooing,  pounding  on  a  drum, 
on  sticks,  or  on  the  wall,  &c.,  while  rattles,  either  in  their  hands  or  hung 
around  their  waists,  are  being  continually  shaken.  These  rattles  are 
simply  deer-hoofs  dried  and  hung  on  a  string. 

C— Sports  and  toys  of  children. 

The  extent  to  ichich  they  are  taught  to  mimic  the  occupations  of  their 
seniors.— They  are  continually  taught  to  do  so  from  youth  until  grown. 

Their  toys  and  games  as  afro  re.— Formerly  the  boys  played  at  shooting 
with  bows  and  arrows  at  a  mark,  and  with  spears  throwing  at  a  mark, 
with  an  equal  number  of  children  on  each  side,  and  sometimes  the  older 
ones  joined  in ;  but  of  late  years  there  has  been  but  little  of  this.  They 
now  mimic  their  seniors  in  the  noise  and  singing  of  gambling,  but  with- 


EELLS    OX    THE    TUANA    INDIANS.  91 

out  the  gambling;  also  play  ball,  jump,  ami  rnn  races.  The  girls  play 
with  dolls.  The  girls  and  boys  both  piny  in  canoes,  and  stand  on  balT 
of  a  small  log  six  feet  long  and  a  foot  wide  and  paddle  around  in  the 
water  with  a  small  stick  an  inch  in  thickness,  and  in  fact  play  at  most 
things  which  they  see  their  seniors  do,  both  whites  and  Indians. 

Ml-— -l/r>7r. 

The  chnractcr  and  frequency  of  their  music ^  both  vocal  and  imtrn- 
mental. — Vocal:  Love  songs,  tamanamus  or  medicine-men  songs,  war 
and  gambling  songs,  and  baby  songs.  All  bnt  the  war  songs  frequent, 
but  with  no  regularity.  Instrumental :  X  kind  of  rough  drum  to  ac- 
company tamanamus  and  gambling  songs. 

The  classes  ^cho  practice  it. — All  classes  practice  all  kinds. 

The  existence  of  minstrels  or  special  ^nusicians. — None. 

The  occasions,  icith  copies  of  the  melodies  and  score,  if  possible. — War 
songs  in  war  time ;  tamanamus  songs  at  the  medicine-men's  work ; 
gambling  songs  at  gambling,  and  love  songs  \ery  irregular,  but  often, 
especially  when  in  company,  traveling,  or  at  work,  and  more  especially 
by  the  women  and  younger  persons ;  baby  songs  when  taking  care  of 
their  children.  Their  own  native  songs  as  yet  I  have  been  unable  to 
obtain. 

The  following  are  songs  in  Chinook,  which  they  have  been  taught 
during  the  past  two  years  at  church  and  Sabbath-school.  The  Chinook 
is  the  language  which  they  use  in  their  intercourse  with  the  whites, 
except  when  an  interpreter  is  used,  although  the  Twana  is  their  own 
language,  and  used  in  the  intercourse  between  themselves. 

TUNE. 

1.  Ahnknttie  nika  tikegh  whiskey,  {Repeat  twice.) 

Pe  alta  nika  mash. 

Alta  uika  mash  (Repeat  twice.) 
Ahukuttie  nika  tikegh  whiskey,  (Repeat  twice.) 
Pe  alta  nika  mash. 

2.  Whiskey  has  cnltus,  ) 

Pe  alta  nika  mash. 


3.  Whiskev  mimoinse  tillicums,      i  ™i  „  *      4.1  „  e.,0*^  „  _=„ 

Ph  kUn  nika  nmsh.  ^hese  all  repeat  as  the  first  verse 


Pe  alta  uika  mash 

4.  Cultns  klaska  muckamuck, 
Pe  alta  uika  mash. 

(Translaiion.) 

1.  Formerly  I  liked  whiskey, 
But  now  I  throw  it  away. 

2.  Whiskey  is  very  bad, 
Aud  uow  I  throw  it  away. 

3.  Whiskey  kills  the  people, 
Aud  now  I  throw  it  away. 

4.  They  drink  that  which  is  bad, 
Aud  now  I  throw  it  away. 


92 


BULLETIN  UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


Song  2. — Tune  :  Come  to  Jesus. 

1.  Chaco  yakwa,  (Repeat  twice.) 
Okoke  sun  (Repeat  once.) 
Chaco  yakwa,  (Repeat  once.) 
Okoke  sun. 


2.  Halo  mamook 
Okoke  sun. 

3.  Halo  cooley 
Okoke  sun. 

4.  Iskum  wawa 
Okoke  sun. 

5.  Saghalie  tyee 
Yaka  sun. 


^ 


{Translation.) 

Come  here  (».  e.,  to  church). 
To-day  (i.  e.,  Sunday). 


Do  not  work 
To-day. 

Do  not  plav 
To-day. 

Get  the  talk 
To-day,  i.  e.  Sunday. 

God, 

It  is  his  day. 


SoN'G  3. — Tune  :  John  Broicn. 


(Translation.) 


1.  Jesus  chaco  copa  Saghalie.   (Repeat 

Jesus  hias  kloshe.  [twice.) 

Jesus  wawa  copa  tillicums.   (Repeat 
Jesus  hias  kloshe.  [twice.) 


Jesus  wawa  wake  kliminhoot.' 

Jesus  hias  kloshe. 
Jesus  wawa  wake  kapswalla. 

Jesus  hias  kloshe. 


1 


Copa  nika  Jesus  mimaloose. 

Jesus  hias  kloshe. 
Jesus  klatawa  copa  Saghalie. 

Jesus  hias  kloshe. 


> 
a 


V 


4.  Alta  Jesus  mitlite  copa  Saghalie. 
Jesus  hias  kloche. 
Yahwa  Jesus  tikegh  nika  klatawa. 
Jesus  hias  kloche. 


Song  4. — Tune:  Greenville. 


Copa  Saghalie  conoway  tillicums, 

Halo  olo,  halo  sick. 
Wake  klimiuhoot,  halo  solleks, 
Halo  pahtlum,  halo  cly. 
Chorus : 

Jesus  mitlite  copa  Saghalie 

Kunamoxt  couoway  tillicums  kloshe. 

2.  Yahwa  tillicums  wake  klahowya. 

Wake  sick  tumtum,  halo  till. 
Halo  mimoluse.  wake  mesachie. 

Wake  poluklie,  halo  cole . 
Chorus; 

Jesus  mitlite,  «Stc. 

3.  Yahwa  tillicums  mitlite  kwanesum. 

Hiyu  houses,  hiyn  sing. 
Papa,  mama,  pee  kloshe  teuas ; 

Oacut  yakachikainiu  pil. 
Chorus: 

Jesus  mitlite,  &c. 

4.  Jesus  potlatch  copa  Siwash. 

Spose  niesika  hias  kloshe, 
Conoway  iktas  mika  tikegh, 

Copa  Saghalie  kwanesum. 
Chorus: 

Jesus  mitlite,  «&c. 


1.  Jesus  came  from  Heaven. 

Jesus  is  very  good. 
Jesus  preachedto  the  people. 
Jesus  is  very  good. 

2.  Jesus  said,  Do  not  lie. 

Jesus  is  very  good. 
Jesus  said,  Do  not  steal. 
Jesus  is  very  good. 

3.  For  me  Jesus  died. 

Jesus  is  very  good. 

Jesus  has  gone  to  Heaven. 

Jesus  is  very  good. 

4.  Now  Jesus  lives  in  Heaven. 
Jesus  is  very  good. 
There  Jesus  wishes  me  to  go. 
Jesus  is  very  good 

(Translation.) 

1.  In  Heaven  all  the  people 

Are  not  hungry,  are  not  sick, 
Do  not  lie,  are  not  angry. 
Are  not  drunk,  do  not  cry. 
Chorus : 
Jesus  lives  in  Heaven 
With  all  good  people. 

2.  There  the  people  are  not  poor, 

Have  no  sorrow,  are  not  tired, 
Do  not  die,  are  not  wicked, 

There  is  no  darkness  and  no  cold. 
Chorus : 

Jesus  lives,  &c. 

3.  There  the  people  live  always. 

Many  houses,  much  singing,  [dren  ; 
There  are  father,  mother,  and  good  chil- 

The  road  is  of  gold. 
Chorus : 

Jesus  lives,  &c. 

4.  Jesus  will  give  to  the  Indians, 

If  you  are  very  good. 
Everything  you  wish. 
In  Heaven  forever. 
Chorus : 

Jesus  lives,  &c. 


EELLS    ON    THE    TWANA    INDIANS.  95 

Instruments  for  beating. — A  rough  drum  is  made  about  a  foot  and  a 
half  square  aud  four  or  five  inches  deep.  This  is  covered  with  rawhide 
on  one  side,  and  used  in  their  gambling  aud  tamanamus  songs.  One  of 
the  school-boys  has  a  small  American  snare-drum,  which  he  beats  tol- 
erably well.    No  clappers,  bells,  sounding  bars,  tambourines  are  used. 

Blowing  instruments. — One  of  the  school-boys  owns  and  plays  on  a 
flageolet.  There  are  no  pan-pipes,  flutes,  nose-flutes,  clarionets,  reed 
instruments,  or  whistles.  American  tin  horns  are  used  for  calling  the 
people  together,  especially  the  people  of  a  logging  camp,  to  their  meals, 
bat  not  as  a  musical  instrument. 

^  $  12.— AKT. 

The  classes  of  men  called  artists,  if  there  are  any,  and  are  thty  separated 
Jrmi  the  artisans  ? — There  are  no  special  artists. 

The  first  efforts  of  rude  tribes  to  carry  out  art  ideas. — I  know  of  none 
except  as  under  the  next  head. 

The  sources  from  ichich  they  draic  their  models,  mythical,  imaginary,  and 
natural. — A  figure  similar  to  an  alligator  is  painted  on  some  of  their 
caDoe-heads,  said  to  represent  lightning.  There  are  no  alligators  near 
here  which  they  have  ever  seen.  These  figures  are  chiefly  on  those 
which  have  come  from  British  Columbia.  The  face  of  a  man  is  painted 
on  one  door.  The  figure  of  a  man's  head  roughly  carved  from  wood, 
and  painted,  with  the  body  dressed  with  clothes,  is  placed  inside  of  a 
few  of  their  grave-inclosures.  I  have  also  seen  two  figures  roughly 
carved,  representing  an  English  man  and  woman,  about  eight  and  eleven 
inches  tall.  There  are  no  specimens  of  art-work  in  pottery  or  on  stone, 
ivory,  bone,  shells,  or  gourds,  no  feather-work  purely  artistic,  no  mo- 
saics or  stucco-work,  nor  do  I  know  of  any  cloth  or  leather  embroidery 
or  bead-work  for  art  purposes,  except  that  spoken  of  under  sections  4, 
H,  and  5.  Their  powder-horns  are  sometimes  ornamented  with  figures 
marked  in  the  horn  and  with  brass  tacks  driven  in. 

^  \?,.—  LAXaUAGE  AXD  LITERATURE. 

Vocabulary. 

Man.  Ste'-bat. 

"Woman.  S'khhll'-dai. 

Boy.  Ts'-chai'-ats. 

Girl.  Sl'-hal-do. 

Infant.  Ts'-chai'-ats  (same  as  boy). 

My  father  (said  by  son).  Do-bad. 

My  father  (said  by  daughter).  Do-bad. 

My  mother  (said  by  son).  Dis-ko'-ytl. 

My  mother  (said  by  daughter).  Dis-ko'ya. 

My  husband.  D-kwit-ta-buts. 

My  wife.  Di-cho'  wash. 


94 


BULLETIN  UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 


My  SOD  (said  by  father) . 
My  sou  (said  by  mother). 
My  daughter  (said  by  father). 
My  daughter  (said  by  mother). 
My  elder  brother. 
My  younger  brother. 

My  elder  sister. 

My  younger  sister. 

An  Indian. 

People. 

Head. 

Hair. 

Face. 

Forehead. 

Ear. 

Ear. 

Eye. 

Nose. 

Mouth. 

Tongue. 

Teeth. 

Beard. 

Neck. 

Arm. 

Hand. 

Fingers. 

Thumb. 

Nails. 

Body. 

Chest. 

Belly. 

Leg. 

Foot. 

Toes. 

Bone. 

Heart. 

Blood. 

Town,  village. 

Chief. 

Warrior  (literally  brave). 

Friend. 

House. 

Kettle. 

Bow. 

Arrow. 


LMs-bild'-da. 

Dis-bud'-da. 

iJis-kla'-da-ale. 

Dis-kla'-daale. 

Dis-sil'-kla-du-chat. 


A: 
K 
O) 
Id 
P 


So-so'-kwi,  (or)  Tr-u-hwa-tal-la-bdi>  t 

so-kwi.  g 

Tsi-tsi-kla-du-chush.  g 

Tsi-u-hwa-tal-lab  du  chush.  ;5 
Kla-wal'-plsh. 
Klo-kla-wal'-plsh. 


iSo-hotes-hls. 

Ta-bate'-kwob. 

BQs. 

Sku-pos'. 

Kwfil-lad-di. 

Kwul-lad'-y. 

DO-klais'-a-but. 

Buks'-sud. 

Tsuts-tsid'. 

Dukt'-saeh. 

I'-e-dls. 

Kwi-duts'-a. 

St'stsa-haps'-ud. 

Chal-lash'. 

S'kha-suk'-kah-gy. 

S'kha-suk'-kiih-gy  (same  as  hand). 

Si-da-kuls-chy. 

Ivwow-hfi-chy. 

Dow'-ut-sy. 

Skup-pO-bade. 

Khl-ach'. 

Shi-ashud. 

I-a-shud. 

Ska-shuk-a-sid. 

Ska'-wa. 

I'-adu-wus. 

Sld-dilk'-kOle. 

No  word ;  they  use  town. 

So'-wil-lus. 

Scha-lah-kah. 

S'to-ba'-ted. 

Si'-a. 

Tsuk-sta'-kld. 

Stat'-pt-86d. 

Ta-at-sed. 


EELLS    ON    THE    TWANA    INDIANS. 


95 


Ax,  hatchet. 

Knife. 

OaDoe. 

Moccasins. 

Pipe. 

Tobacco. 

Sky. 

San. 

Moon. 

Star. 

Day. 

Night. 

Morning. 

Evening. 

Spring. 


Summer. 

Autumn. 

Winter. 

Wind. 

Thunder. 

Lightning. 

Bain. 

Snow. 

Fire. 

Water. 

Ice. 

Earth,  hind. 

Sea. 

Kiver. 

Lake. 

Valley. 

Prairie. 

Hill,  mountain. 

Island. 

Stone, rock. 

Salt. 

Iron. 

Forest. 

Tree. 

Wood. 

Leaf. 

Bark. 

Grass. 

Pine. 

Maize. 


Kub'-bad,  kub-batl-dotl. 

Dii-whlk'-bid. 

Kla-I-olatl. 

loshld. 

rrihilk'-u. 

SMs[)'-whu-uV». 

SkhV-tl. 

Klo-kwiitl'. 

Slo  kwill'  iim. 

Kla-kia  clii'-us. 

Klu-khr-i'. 

Chaal'. 

Cha'-IQ. 

Uii  at'kd. 

ST-ai-kwatst,  or  i»etl'-ko-sab,  or  sal'- 
lal-al)  (the  lirst  a  name,  tlie  last 
two  literally  getting  warm). 

Spit'-kap. 

Pet-to  fil  las  (literally  getting  cold). 

Si)atchi'-a  (literally  cold  weather). 

Spo-hobe'. 

Kwa  a-hwod. 

Chur-la-kwoh. 

tStuts. 

Sauk'  kwa-kwa. 

Askwot'-ta. 

Ka'-a. 

Skah'-fi. 

Tahf-hii. 

Si-da'-kwil. 

Ka'-a  (same  as  water). 

Kwa  la'-at. 

Ba-kwab. 

Ba-kwab. 

S'ba-tay-chab,  s"bah-date. 

S 'tech  a. 

S'chal-tas'. 

Salt  (having  no  word). 

Pay-ta di'  up. 

Che-sab. 

Tsa'-ko  pay. 

Sl-a-wis'. 

Kwa -la-oy. 

Pa-lad'  (whisper  first  syllable). 

Skwil'-Ia-ai. 

Tuk-tuk'-la-hoi. 

Have  uo  word ;  use  corn. 


96 


BULLETIN    UNITED   STATES    GEOLOGICAL   SURVEY. 


Squash. 

Flesh,  meat. 

Dog. 

Buffalo. 

Bear. 

Wolf. 

Fox. 

Deer. 

Elk. 

Beaver. 

Kabbit,  hare. 

Tortoise. 

Horse. 

Fly. 

Mosquito. 

Snake. 

Eattlesnake. 

Bird. 

Egg. 

Feathers. 

Wings. 

Goose. 

Duck,  mallard. 

Turkey. 

Pigeon. 

Fish. 

Salmon. 

Sturgeon. 

Name. 

White. 

Black. 

Eed. 

Light  blue. 

Yellow. 

Light  green. 

Great,  large. 

Small,  little. 

Strong. 

Old. 

Young. 

Good. 

Bad. 

Dead. 

Alive. 

Cold. 


Have  no  word;  use  squash. 

Bai'-yilts. 

Skwa-bai-yji. 

Have  no  word. 

Stsa-u'-fil. 

Dfi-eh-shfi'-eh-yai. 

Have  no  word. 

Swhe-shld. 

Kwah-kwa'-chid. 

Sto-pohwob. 

Kwlchi-dy. 

Have  no  word. 

Sti-a-ke'-o. 

Uh-hwai'-uh-hwai'-tth. 

Chi-chi'-ats. 

Bilts'-ai. 

Wat-push. 

SpApts'  ho. 

Kaw'-ku-ba-lich. 

Sfkluki^'-el. 

Same  as  feathers. 

Pi-sak. 

Hah-hobshud,  or  bak. 

Have  no  word. 

Hu-blp. 

Sbe-lilch'-sud. 

Slaw-awb. 

Have  no  word. 

Tso-bat'. 

Pak. 

Ais-klal'. 

Ast-sa-uk. 

As-kwa-iih. 

As-kwa-ka. 

Ahs-pap-kwak-do-kureb      (whisper 

last  syllable). 
Sl-sid'. 

Ka-kap,  or  ka-k5m-el. 
Sto-bish. 
Has-pot'-iil. 
T'chay-shul,  tchai-ats. 
Ai'-y. 
Ki-lub. 

Ais-klai'-Lul,  as-at'-to-bit. 
Hah-lay'. 
S'chay'  fih. 


i 


EELLS    ON    THE    TWANA    INDIANS. 


97 


Warm,  hot. 

L 

Thou. 

He. 

We. 

Ye. 

They. 

This. 

That. 

AU. 

Many,  much. 

Who. 

Far. 

Near. 

Here. 

There. 

To-day. 

Yesterday. 

To-morrow. 

Yes. 

No. 

One. 

Two. 

Three. 

Four. 

Five. 

Six. 

Seven. 

Eight. 

Nine. 

Ten. 

Eleven. 

Twelve. 

Twenty. 

Thirty. 

Forty. 

Fifty. 

Sixty. 
Seventy. 
Eighty. 
Ninety. 
One  hundred. 
One  thousand. 
To  eat. 
To  drink. 

7  BULL 


LV-say-lab,  us-kwil-lok-kho. 
l)its-u. 
DfiM. 
Tsud-dl-ul. 
Di-n-batl. 
Wil-la-wdl  lup. 
T.sood-tsud-dill. 
Tee-tli-a. 

Kla-tsfih  la,  taw-o-y. 
ri-ase'. 
Haw-haw'. 
Wu-at. 
Kwa. 
Chate. 
Echtel-ya'. 
Klay-tsa  la,  taw  o-y. 
Tel-es-lQ-kha'  it. 
IJt-sus-wful-it. 
TsO-ut-cha'-ul. 
A. 

Hwa'-ka. 
Da'-kus. 
Es-s;V-ly. 
Cho'-us. 
Bu'-sus. 
Ts-whess'. 
I-a-pa'-chy. 
Tu-khOs. 
T-khiV-chy. 
Ewail-e-a. 
O'-pa-dich. 

O'-pa-dich-klO-dy-da-kus. 
O-pa  dich-klo  dy-es-sa'-by. 
Tsub-kh-lak'. 
Cha-dak-klOk. 
Sh'tib-bu-8us. 

Tsitss-a-whuss'  ('whisper  first  sylla- 
ble.) 
Ste'-a-pali'-chy. 
Stich-tii-khos. 
St'-tu-ka'-chy. 
St'-tfi-hwal'-e-a. 
St'-tu-pal-owlse. 
O-pri-dicli-tu-pal-owlse. 
SCi-i-klad. 
SkOh. 


98              BULLETIN 

UNITED   SI 

[■ATES    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

To  run. 

Wr-  chfi'-chun. 

To  dance  (Indian  dance). 

Skwates. 

ing. 

S'il-lal. 

To  sleep. 

S'to-pad'. 

To  speak. 

S-lay-nl-kwob. 

To  see. 

Sil-la-lap. 

To  love. 

S-bat''-l. 

To  kill. 

At'-to-bid. 

To  sit. 

Ab'-but. 

To  stand. 

Us-sfili-tad'-u-bit. 

To  go. 

ST.l. 

To  come. 

« 

Tsi-u',  hai-fi. 

To  walk. 

Woh'-cbab'. 

To  work. 

Su-fi  cbib. 

To  steal. 

S'cba-lo-al. 

To  lie. 

Skwai  yup'. 

To  give. 

Sbi-bwa. 

To  laugh. 

Sbi  bwa-wa  (whisper  last  syllable) 

To  crv. 

Il-lal. 

I 

bei 
] 
sta< 
be 
of 
ch 
of 


I  have  obtained  these  words  by  asking  three  or  four  individuals, 
and  where  they  differed,  continually  asking  unt'l  I  found  which  was 
right.  They  are  the  native  Twana.  (^uite  a  number  talk  the  Nisqually 
language  entirely  ;  a  large  number  understand,  and  it  is  said  that  dur- 
ing the  last  few  years  more  and  more  individuals  are  learning  to  speak 
it.  The  great  majority,  however,  talk  the  Twana  language  in  their  con- 
versation among  themselves.  All  except  the  old  persons  talk  also  the 
Chinook  in  their  intercourse  with  the  whites  and  some  other  tribes  of 
Indians,  and  quite  a  number  understand  English. 

Their  Icnoicledge  of  their  oicn  a  fairs. — Of  their  history  they  know  very 
little  except  what  the  oldest  remember. 

Their  theories  of  natural  2)henoviena,  as  sunrise  and  sunset,  the  origin 
and  motion  of  the  heavenly  bodies,  thunder  and  lightning,  wind,  rain,  d:c. — 
They  supposed  that  the  sun  really  rose  and  set,  and  not  that  the  world 
turned  over  as  they  have  been  told. 

Wind  they  supposed  was  caused  by  the  breath  of  a  great  being,  who 
blew  with  his  mouth.  In  this  they  reasoned  from  analogy,  as  a  man  can 
with  his  breath  cause  a  small  wind. 

Cold  they  supposed  to  be  caused  by  our  getting  farther  away  from  the 
sun  in  the  winter,  for  they  suppose  that  the  sun  is  much  farther  off 
when  it  is  low  than  when  it  is  high,  and  that  the  cold  regions  are  away 
from  the  sun,  hence  that  we  are  near  these  cold  regions  in  the  winter. 

Thunder  and  lightningsome  supposed  were  caused  by  a  great  thunder- 
bird  flapping  its  wings,  an  idea  which  is  prevalent  among  nearly  all  of 
the  Indians  on  the  sound.  Others  suppose  that  a  wicked  tamanamus, 
or  medicine-man,  very  strong,  caused  it  by  his  tamanamus  when  angry 
with  some  one. 


J  IIKLLS    ON    THK    TWANA    INDIANS.  99 

I  have  lieaul  of  two  legends  of  the  origiu  of  tbe  sun;  hotb,  however, 
being  lej^ends,  more  than  a  matter  of  real  belief. 

First.  A  woman  had  a  sou  who  ran  away  from  honu'.  After  a  little 
she  went  after  him,  but  could  not  find  him.  Ilrr  |»eoi)h'  went  after 
her,  found  her,  and  brought  her  back.  They  did  not  know  what  became 
of  her  son  until  a  short  time  afterward  they  beheld  him,  having  been 
changed  into  the  real  sun,  coming  up  from  the  east.  This  is  the  origin 
of  i/he  sun. 

Second.  A  woman  having  no  husband  had  a  sou,  who,  being  left  in 
charge  of  its  grandmother,  who  was  blind,  was  stolen  away  by  two  wo- 
men who  carried  him  very  far  away,  when^  they  brought  him  up,  and 
he  grew  very  fast  and  became  their  husl)an<l.  His  children  were  the 
trees,  the  cedar-tree  being  the  favorite  one.  IJ's  mother  iu  the  mean 
time  sent  messengers,  the  cougar,  panther,  and  some  birds,  who  went 
everywhere  on  the  land  searching  for  him  except  to  this  place,  where  they 
couhl  uot  go  on  account  of  a  very  ditlicult  place  in  the  road,  which  was 
liable  to  come  together  and  crush  whatever  passed  through.  At  last, 
the  blue-jay  made  the  attempt,  and  was  almost  killed,  being  caught  by 
the  head,  nearly  crushing  it,  and  thus  causing  the  top-knot  on  it.  It 
however  found  the  son,  a  man  grown,  and  induced  him  to  leave  his 
present  home  and  return  to  his  mother.  When  they  came  to  this  ditti- 
cnlt  place  in  the  road,  he  fixed  it,  and  did  goo<l  wherever  he  went. 
When  his  mother  found  that  he  was  lost  at  first,  she  was  very  sorry, 
and  gathered  his  clothes  together,  pressed  from  them  some  water, 
wished  it  to  become  another  boy,  and,  being  very  good,  her  wish  was 
granted.  He  was  a  little  boy  when  his  older  brother  returned.  They 
were  both  somewhat  like  God,  in  that  they  could  do  what  they  wished. 
The  older  brother  said  to  the  younger  one,  "  I  will  make  you  into  the 
moon  to  rule  the  night,  and  I  will  be  the  sun  to  rule  the  day.''  The  next 
day  he  arose  iu  the  heavens,  but  was  so  hot  that  he  killed  the  fish  in  the 
sea,  causing  the  water  to  boil,  and  also  the  men  ou  the  land.  Finding 
that  this  would  uot  do,  he  retired,  and  his  brother  tried  to  be  the  sun 
and  succeeded,  as  the  sun  is  at  present,  while  the  older  brother  became 
the  moon,  to  rule  the  night. 

Orations. — The  following  are  taken  from  the  minutes  of  a  council  held 
with  them  by  Commissioner  F.  it.  Brunot,  September  4,  1871 : 

By  Big  Frank,  the  present  head  chief : 

I  am  the  only  one  who  was  at  the  treaty  at  Point-no-Point.  I  heard 
what  Governor  Stevens  saitl,  and  thought  it  was  good.  I  am  like  a 
white  man,  and  think  as  the  white  uian  does.  Governor  Stevens  said 
all  the  Ineliaus  would  grow  up  and  the  l^resident  would  make  them 
good.  He  told  them  all  the  Indians  would  become  as  white  men  ;  that 
all  their  children  would  learn  to  read  and  write.  I  was  glad  to  hear  it. 
Governor  Stevens  told  them,  "I  will  go  out  and  have  the  land  surveyed, 
and  it  will  be  yours  and  your  chihlren's  forever."  I  thought  tiuit  very 
good.    He  said  a  doctor  and  carpenter  and  farmer  would  come.     The 


100     BULLETIN  UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

chiefs  thought  that  was  all  good ;  they  thought  the  President  was  doiug 
a  kindness.  •.  I  never  spoke  my  mind  to  any  one.  I  talk  to  yon  because 
you  come  from  AVashington.  All  the  agents  talk  dillerently.  You  talk 
as  Governor  Stevens  did.  I  hear  what  you  say.  Every  agent  who 
comes  here,  I  don't  know  them.  I  thought  all  Governor  Stevens  said 
was  very  good.  Perhai)s  the  President  thinks  all  the  Indians  are  good, 
as  they  were  to^be  under  the  treaty  ;  but  they  are  not,  they  are  Indians 
still.  I  think;  there  was  plenty  of  money  sent  by  the  President,  but  I 
think  much  did  not  come  here.  Perhaps  it  gets  scattered.  I  really 
think^it  does  not  come.  When  it  comes,  it  is  in  calico.  But  I  know 
more  is  sent  than  gets  here. 

By  Spar,  the  chief  at  that  time,  since  dead  : 

When  I  came  here  I  was  young,  and  did  not  know  much.  I  was  here 
when  the  reservation  was  opened,  and  know  what  was  done.  When  the 
agents  came,  they  never  taught  us  anything;  never  said,  ''Go  and  fix 
your  places."  All  they  think  of  is  to  steal,  to  sell  the  reservation  cattle 
and  reservation  hay  ;  to  sell  the  fruit  and  get  all  they  can  ;  to  go  and 
log  and  sell  them.  That  is  all  every  agent  has  done.  They  never 
advised  us  what  to  do,  never  helped  us.  After  I  had  seen  all  this,  I  was 
sorry.  Did  the  President  send  men  for  this,  to  come  and  get  what 
money  they  could  out  of  the  reservation  and  their  pay  ?  I  know  the 
Indians  lose  all  their  cattle.  When  they  get  the  money,  where  does  it 
go  !  When  I  ask  about  it,  they  say  they  will  punish  me.  I  thought  the 
President  did  not  send  them  for  that.  I  got  very  poor,  and  wanted  to 
borrow  the  reservation  team.  You  know  what  I  have  done.  They  re- 
fused me  the  use  of  the  cattle. 

By  Duke  Williams  : 

I  am  glad  to  see  you.  All  our  folks  are  very  poor.  Our  planting 
grounds  and  logs  and  apples  and  hay  are  taken  from  us,  and  I  felt  sad, 
and  wanted  to  go  and  see  the  President.  I  know  I  will  not  live  long. 
T  asked  the  Indians  to  give  me  the  money,  and  I  would  go  an<l  see  the 
President.  I  would  have  gone  if  you  had  not  come  here.  Did  the 
President  send  men  here  as  agents  to  log  and  get  all  the  benefits  ?  That 
is  what  I  wanted  to  go  and  ask  the  President. 

By  Big  John,  a  subchief : 

Y'ou  come  to  get  the  Indians'  hearts.  You  ought  to  take  time.  You 
are  the  great  chief,  and  we  want  you  to  hear  us.  When  we  talked  before, 
it  was  put  down,  and  they  said  it  would  go  to  Washnigton.  We  do  not 
know  what  became  of  it.  We  don't  think  the  President  saw  it.  We  think 
it  don't  go  far  from  here.  I  am  a  poor  man.  Y'ou  are  making  all  of  these 
young  men  and  women  happy.  I  thought,  when  a  boy,  that  we  would 
get  all  of  the  money  that  was  promised.  White  men  don't  give  things 
away.  They  don't  take  a  shirt  or  a  blanket  for  lands.  They  get  gold 
and  silver.    The  Indians  don't  get  money  for  their  country. 

These  are  samples  of  their  orations  on  this  subject,  and  enough  to 


EKLLS    ON    THE    TWANA    INDIANS.  101 

show  tlieir  .style.  I  have  lieiir.l  tliem  speak  on  other  suhjecta;  on  tern- 
lUTance  and  reli<;ion ;  but  those  orations  have  not  been  preserved.  We  do 
not  get  their  real  style,  however,  wlien  they  talk  throufjli  an  interpreter. 
They  are  natural  orators,  and  their  h»oks  and  ^jstiues,  whicli  are  numer- 
ous, speak  elo4Ucntly. 

v^  U.— DOMES  1 1'    I.IFi:. 

A.— Maruiage. 

Indndhuj  owrfuhip,  hitronial,  and  H-xhlhui  oc/rwow/'tx— Formerly 
courtship  extended  for  a  long  time,  and  the  eouple  were  engaged  for 
some  time  before  marriage,  though  secicily.  The  husband  purehased 
the  wife  of  her  parents,  the  i)rice  getierally  being  a  hundred  or  several 
hundred  dollars,  a  large  part  of  whieh  was  returned  at  the  wedding. 
At  the  wedding  there  was  a  large  feast  at  the  house  of  the  wife's 
parents,  to  which  all  the  friends  were  invited,  and  after  this  there  was 
often  more  feasting  for  a  long  tini(>,  alternating  between  the  families  of 
the  husband  and  wife.  There  is  but  little  of  this  now.  At  present 
when  they  are  married  in  Indian  fashion  they  generally  simply  take 
each  other  without  any  ceremony,  though  a  few  marriages  in  ancient 
form  liave  taken  jdace  lately  among  the  more  uncivilized. 

Within  two  and  a  half  years,  a  dozen  marriages  in  American  Christ- 
ian form  have  taken  place,  ami  when  this  is  done  they  consider  the  re- 
lations far  more  binding,  so  much  so,  that  they  are  generally  unwilling 
to  have  it  done  unless  they  have  been  married  six  months  or  more  in 
Indian  fashion,  to  learn  whether  they  will  like  each  other  sufliciently. 

Conditions  of  both  j)rtr//('.9  as  to  relationship. — The  wife  is  not  so  ele- 
vated as  white  women,  doing  much  more  rough  work,  but  is  by  no 
means  a  slave,  and  is  highly  prized. 

Dotcry. — The  wife  receives  at  marriage  a  large  share  of  the  property 
which  the  husband  gave  her  father  for  her  before  marriage,  and  also 
some  other  things,  but  there  is  no  regular  rule. 

Polygamy,  ranJc  of  n-ivcs,  t[v>.— Polygamy  has  been  practiced  quite 
commonly  among  them,  the  number  of  wives  depending  on  their  abil- 
ity to  purchase,  and  their  wishes.  lUit  this  custom  is  going  out  of  ex- 
istence, only  four  of  them  having  more  than  one  wife  and  only  one  hav- 
ing three  now. 

Laics  about  marrying  in  and  ont  of  the  tribe— Thoy  may  r"""     '" 
with  the  consent  of  the  parents.    The  children  of  those  wi 
of  the  tribe  belong  to  the  tribe  of  the  lather;  and  a  number  rf  persons 
have  married  out  of  the  tribe. 

Sacreuness  and  permanency  of  marriagr.—QvMe  sacred,  there  being 
trouble  when  the  marriage- vow  is  violated  by  either  party;  but  not  per- 
manent, divorces  occasionally  taking  place,  though  much  less  often  now 
than  formerly. 

B.— CniLDKEN. 

Aeconching.— The  woman  attends  to  herself. 

^edusio7i  of  mother.— They  SLTQ.  secluded  as  imclean  about  one  week. 


102  IJULLETIX    UNITED    STATES    GEOLOGICAL    SUKVEY 

For  a  loiiK  time,  the  mother  is  not  allowed  to  touch  fi.sh,  fowl,  or  game, 
the  ffiui,  fishiii;^-ai)[)aratu.s,  or  anything  by  which  any  of  these  are  taken, 
as  they  think  it  will  bring  ill  hick. 

ydmlny. — They  are  named  after  deceased  friends  often,  and  when  this 
is  done,  a  little  potlatch  is  maile. 

Cradling. — The  cradle  is  described  in  chap.  Ill,  sec.  !i,  C.  The 
cradle  often  lies  down,  but  sometimes  is  hun.Li'  on  a  small  stick,  a  few- 
feet  high,  which  is  fastened  in  the  ground  or  lloor,  in  a  slanting  direc- 
tion, and  acts  as  a  spring.  A  string  is  fastened  to  it,  and  the  mother 
pulls  the  string,  'vhich  keeps  the  stick  constantly  moving,  and  the 
cradle  and  child  constantly  swinging.  This  is  done  with  the  foot  when 
the  hands  are  busy  at  work. 

Ih'/onnations. — The  only  one  is  the  llattening  of  the  head,  which  is 
done  in  infancy. 

Xursing. — This  is  done  longer  than  among  the  whites. 

Chihl-nuirder. — This  is  unknown. 

Adopiion. — This  i>revails  a  little,  but  is  not  common. 

Educatioa  or  treatment  while  (inncing  up. — The  Indians  educate  them 
only  in  Indian  customs.    For  school,  see  sec.  9. 

C— Women. 

tStanding  infamili/  and  society. — Inferior  to  whites. 

Peculiar  duties. — Waiting  on  her  husband,  preparing  meals,  getting 
wood  ami  water,  preparing  fish,  the  large  game  being  dressed  by  the 
men,  spinning,  sewing,  knitting,  making  of  clothing,  and  washing  are 
her  chief  duties. 

(rcneral  appearance. — Unattractive,  with  coarse  features. 

Groning  old. — Early  in  life,  they  begin  to  have  a  wrinkled  and  aged 
appearance. 

1). — KiGIITS   AND   AVRONGS. 

Chastiti/. — Xiiry  many  are  unchaste. 

J t)t moralities. — Almost  universal. 

Frostitution. — It  is  rather  common  by  both  sexes. 

iSchoopanism  and  iSodomy. — Uidcnown. 

Divorce. — They  are  easily  obtained,  but  growing  less. 

Conditions  of. — If  a  man  puts  away  his  wife,  he  gives  her  a  pres- 
ent; but  if  she  leaves  him,  he  does  not. 
licsults  ()/■.— :\rorally  they  are  evil,  but  socially,  among  others, 
neither  party  is  lowered. 
Celibacy. — Xot  known. 

Inheritance. — See  see.  Iti,  13,  of  present  chapter. 

Ixights  of  parents  and  guardians.— ViWGnts  exercise  authority  over  their 
children  fully  eciual  to  that  of  white  parents  over  theirs,  but  over  adopted 
children  they  have  less. 


EELLS    OX    THE    TWANA    INDIANS.  103 

v^  lo.— SOCIAL  LIFK  ASD  CFSTOifs. 
A. — ORaANIZATION    OV   SOCIETY. 

Classes  of  men  and  professions.— Clwi's,  sub-chiefs,  hcadiuon,  iiiodicine- 
men,  couiiuoii  i)oople,  slaves. 

MiUtarij, political,  and  nliijious  castes.— 'Sone  iu  the  proper  S'use  of 
tlie  term. 

Secret  orders.— niAck  Tamaiiaiiiu.s.  I  cannot  learn  that  there  has  been 
any  of  it  for  eight  years.  IT  it  is  i)ra('tiee(l  at  all  now,  it  is  done  very 
quietl}-,  and  iu  a  very  dillerent  manner  iioui  formerly  ;  but  as  near  as  I 
can  learn,  the  society  is  entirely  broken  np.  I  have  not  been  able  to 
learn  the  entire  ceremony,  but  am  told  that  it  was  similar  to  the  ^Makah 
ceremony,  which  has  been  given  by  .Mr.  J.  G.  Swan  in  his  desciiption  of 
that  tribe,  though  the  ceremonies  varied  somewhat  in  the  dillcreiit  tribes 
on  the  sound.  I,  however,  loarn  that  the  candidate  was  starved  lor  a 
long  time  (one  man  saying  that  he  did  not  eat  anything  lor  eight  days), 
but  he  or  she  (lor  both  men  and  women  were  initiated)  was  closely 
watched  inside  a  large  tent,  and  what  else  was  done  in  it  I  cannot  learn; 
but  occasionally  the  candidate  was  let  out  and  pursued  by  two  or  three 
others  with  all  their  might,  and  sometimes  he  himself  pursued  others, 
and  if  be  gave  out  in  the  race  or  other  exercises  lie  was  iu)t  considered 
worthy  to  become  a  member.  If  he  »lid  not,  he  was  taken  back  to  the 
tent  and  watched  and  starved,  and  the  same  scene  repeated  every  day 
or  two.  At  last  be  was  brought  out  perfectly  rigid,  and  taken  by  sev- 
eral men  and  thrown  up  as  high  as  they  could  into  the  air,  sometimes 
eight  feet,  and  caught,  and  this  was  continred  until  he  ap[)arently  came 
to  consciousness  and  screamed.  There  was  also  very  much  cutting  of 
the  body  and  limbs  quite  deep,  so  that  the  candidate  became  quite 
bloody,  but  he  did  not  seem  to  take  any  notice  of  it.  After  these  cere- 
monies, he  would  sometimes  sit,  in  his  house  or  lodge,  looking  like  an 
idiot,  for  two  or  three  months,  and  speak  to  no  one,  even  to  a  husband  or 
wife,  but  simply  wind  something  on  a  stick  and  unwitid  it  again  day 
after  day. 

iSlares. — Those  taken  in  war  or  bought,  always  originally  captives, 
however,  were  slaves.  Formerly  they  were  very  much  opi>ressed,  but 
now  they  have  considerable  liberty,  an<l  there  are  only  two  in  the  tribe, 
as  there  has  been  no  war  for  a  long  time,  and  the  treaty  by  the  Govern- 
ment i)rovides  that  there  shall  be  no  slavery. 

15.— Customs. 

Personal  habits.— yot  neat  in  their  houses,  and  not  very  neat  in  their 
clothes,  though  growing  much  more  so.  Very  much  accustomed  to 
bathe.     In  dress,  quite  showy  and  clean  on  public  days. 

Salutation,  etiquette,  hospitality.— 'Sot  much  form  in  salutation,  only  a 
Avord  or  two,  and  sometimes  shaking  <if  hands,  which  they  have  learned 
from  Americans.    Not  much  etiquette.    A'ery  hospitable  to  friends. 


104     BULLETIN  UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

Feasting  and  festivals,  manner  of  observing,  and  meaning. — When  friends 
come  oil  the  4tli  of  July  aiul  Christinas,  or  because  of  a  potlatch,  i.  e., 
distribution  of  gifts.  On  the  tth  of  July,  Christmas,  or  when  friends 
come,  they  simply  cook  a  large  amount  of  food,  spread  it  on  mats,  which 
are  on  the  ground,  and  they  gather  around  the  different  mats  in  com- 
l)anies.  Sometimes  when  friends  come,  they  bring  a  large  amount  of 
food  with  them,  both  for  themselves  to  eat  and  •those  whom  they  come 
to  see,  expecting  that  there  will  be  much  over,  which  will  be  given  to 
the  friends  whom  they  visii.  At  u  potlatch,  one  man,  or  a  few  persons, 
give  notice  that  they  will  give  away  a  large  amount  of  money  and 
provisions,  and  they  invito  not  only  their  own  tribe,  but  also  the 
neighboring  tribes.  Food,  clothes,  and  money,  and  other  things,  are 
then  given  away,  sometimes  to  the  amount  of  85,000,  the  persons  doing 
so  immortalizing  themselves  for  life  by  this  means.  The  potlatch  lasts 
from  three  days  to  three  weeks,  and  is  accompanied  by  feasting,  gamb- 
ling, visiting,  &c. 

Sleeping  customs. — The  more  civilized  class  have  a  bed-room  partitioned 
off,  and  very  many  have  bedsteads.  Often  men,  women,  and  children 
sleep  in  the  same  room,  and  sometimes  on  the  floor  with  mats,  feather- 
beds,  straw-beds,  skins,  blankets,  and  quilts,  more  or  less  as  they  are 
able  to  procure  them.  ■'  A  few  use  sheets.  Formerly  they  all  slept  in  the 
same  room  and  on  the  ground,  but  are  now  slowly  adopting  American 
customs. 

Charities,  lio. — There  is  nothing  organized,  and  formerly  there  was 
much  suffering  among  the  sick  and  old  ;  but  of  late  years,  as  they  have 
earned  money,  the  friends  of  the  sick  and  poor  care  for  them,  so  that 
there  is  but  little  real  suffering  because  of  poverty.  The  agent  also 
provides  extra  food  for  the  sick  and  poor  from  Government  supplies. 

Initiation  into  manhood  or  into  the  tribe. — There  is  no  ceremony  now, 
and  has  not  been,  as  far  as  I  can  learn. 

So&iat  vices. — Intemperance/gambling,  and^lilthiness. 
^  HeaUng.-i-See  sec.  1,  E,  of  present  chapter. 

Bleeding,  extracting  teeth, amputation,  tre2)anning. — These  were  unknown 
among  them  before  a  white  physician  came. 

Customs  when  about  to  build  a  house,  to  go  on  a  hunting  or  fishing  expe- 
dition, to  male  a  journey,  or  to  engage  in  any  new  pursuit. — Formerly,  as 
now,  when  about  to  build  a  house,  they  did  nothing  special,  as  their  houses 
were  so  small  and  often  removed,  that  it  was  an  event  of  no  great  im- 
portance ;  but  when  about  to  go  on  a  hunting  or  fishing  expedition,  to 
make  a  journey,  or  engage  in  anything  special,  they  would  tamanamus. 
their  way  of  invoking  the  presence  of  the  Great  Spirit,  so  that  they 
might  be  successful.     They  do  very  little  of  this  now. 

Customs  when  about  to  eng<igc  in  icar. — They  would  consult  together 
in  an  assembly  where  those  who  wished  would  speak,  and  then  do  as 
the  chiefs  said.  After  this  they  would  tamanamus  in  order  to  be  success- 
ful, and  paint  themselves  with  black  and  red,  making  themselves  as 
hideous  as  possible.    They  have  had  no  war  for  many  years. 


EELLS    ON    THE    TWANA   INDIANS.  105 

Treatment  of  the  captives  and  icoundcd. — Wouiuled  enemies  were  gen- 
erally killed.  Captives  were  made  slaves  or  sold  ;  but  sometimes  promi- 
nent men  were  ransomed. 

Customs  around  the  dying  and  dead. — They  will  tamanamus  (see  111, 
17,  D,  Exorcism)  for  the  removal  of  the  evil  spirit.  When  a  person  is 
about  to  die,  they  remove  the  person  from  the  house,  supposing  tliat  if 
a  death  takes  place  in  a  house  the  evil  spirit  who  killed  the  deceased 
will  kill  every  one  who  shall  afterward  live  in  the  house.  If  it  is 
unpleasant  weather,  a  mat  house  is  built  in  which  they  nuiy  die,  and 
being  immediately  torn  down,  it  allows  the  evil  spirit  to  escape.  If  a 
person  dies  in  a  house,  they  will  not  live  in  it  afterward,  and  generally 
tear  it  down.  After  death,  there  is  a  great  deal  of  crying  and  mourn- 
ing and  noise. 

Funeral  and  hurial  customs. — The  dead  are  placed  in  cotlins,  and  many 
things  are  also  placed  with  them  in  the  coflins,  as  good  clothes  and  other 
things,  which  they  will  be  supposed  to  need  in  the  next  world.  Occa- 
sionally, Christian  services  are  held  over  them,  after  which  they  are 
taken  to  the  graveyard.  The  number  of  these  Christian  services  has 
increased  considerably  during  the  last  two  years.  If  no  Christian  serv- 
ice is  held  at  the  convenience  of  the  friends,  they  are  taken  to  the 
grave,  but  generally  much  sooner  after  death  than  with  the  whites, 
often  as  soon  as  the  coffin  can  be  made.  They  are  quite  supersti- 
tious about  going  near  the  dead,  fearing  that  the  wicked  spirit 
who  killed  the  dead  will  enter  the  living  who  go  near.  They  are  most 
fearful  of  having  children  go  near,  they  beiiig  more  liable  to  be  attacked 
than  older  persons.  They  are  very  slowly  overcoming  these  prejudices 
as  they  see  the  customs  of  the  whites,  but  are  more  slow  in  regard  to 
this  than  to  adopt  most  other  American  customs. 

Manner  of  disposing  of  the  dead,  by  cnmation,  in  coffins,  embalming,  in 
graven,  in  lodges,  on  scaffolds. — No  <'remation,  no  embalming,  not  in 
lodges.  They  are  placed  in  coftius,  which  are  made  by  the  Government 
carpenter,  or  in  a  rough  box,  if  the  former  cannot  be  easily  i)rocured, 
and  then  in  a  grave.  Formerly  they  were  placed  on  scaftblds,  but  there 
is  very  little  of  this  now.  Over  the  grave  is  an  iuclosure  generally  in 
the  shape  of  a  small  house,  shed,  loilge,  or  ience,  and  Avith  some  the 
sides  are  quite  open,  and  with  others  entirely  closed,  or  with  a  window. 
Both  outside  and  within  the  iuclosure  are  various  articles,  as  guns, 
canoes  in  miniature,  dishes,  clothes,  blankets,  sheets,  and  cloth  mats, 
and  occasionally  a  wooden  man,  carved  and  painted  in  the  U^ce,  and 
dressed.  On  some  graves,  these  things  are  replenished  every  year  or 
two,  as  they  are  destroyed  by  the  elfects  of  time.  Some  graves  have 
nothing  of  this  kind.  In  this  respect,  they  are  adopting  American  cus- 
toms more  and  more. 

Ossuaries  and  public  cemeteries.— ThcvG  are  no  ossuaries.  They  have 
two  cemeteries,  both  on  Hood's  Canal,  one  on  the  reservation  and  the 
other  a  little  ways  from  it.  They  are  not  regularly  laid  out,  but  face 
the  water,  generally  extending  back  only  one  or  two  rows  of  graves. 


ion  BULLKTIX    UNITKIJ    STATES    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

^S  H).—GOVERXMi:ST  AND  POLITICAL  ECOXOilT. 
A .— O  U  G  AN  IZ  ATION. 

AutJiorilics  ill  timi-  of  penvv,  chums,  and  treatment  of. — The  United 
St'ites  IiKlian  niU'ut  is  almost  supreiiio  with  them,  and  hence  the  chiefs 
have  Imt  litth^  real  authority.  Tlie  ollicers  are  a  head  chief,  four  sub- 
chiels, headmen, and ai)oliceinaii.  The lionorof chieftainship  is, however, 
c  >nsi(l»'ral)le,  so  much  so  that  the  place  is  sought  after.  The  chiefs, 
sub-chiefs,  and  liea  Imeu  have,  however,  considerable  influence,  and  on 
I'Durt  ilays,  while  the  agent  acts  as  Judge,  they  act  as  jury,  and  they 
also  are  supposed  to  have  more  influence  with  the  agent  than  others. 
They  also  settle  some  of  the  minor  cases. 

Asscinhlies  and  public  drlibcrations. — They  generally  assemble  on  the 
sabbath  lor  religious  worship  aiul  sabbath-school,  on  court  days  for 
court,  at  feasts  and  tamanamus,  and  when  Government  annuities  are 
distributed ;  also  when  any  event  of  importance  takes  place.  The 
chiefs  and  headmen  do  most  of  the  talking,  but  any  one  who  wishes 
has  tlie  privilege  of  speaking. 

Military  organizations,  war  chiefs. — The  same  persons  who  are  chiefs 
in  time  of  peace  are  also  chiefs  in  tijue  ot  war.  They  are  the  command- 
ing ollicers  of  the  army,  which,  in  battle,  is  a  very  irregular  one,  each  man 
lighting  as  seems  best  to  him. 

Authority  of  privileged  classes. — The  chiefs  are  honored,  and  have 
sonu'  authority,  but  not  much,  especially  when  they  disagree  with  the 
Indian  agent.     The  medicine-men  are  feared. 

The  eoinnion  people,  what  part  of  them  have  a  voice  in  the  assembly. — Any 
one  speaks  who  wishes  to  do  so. 

B. — Regulations,  laws,  etc. 

Concerning  labor,  trades,  and  castes. — There  is  no  law  about  labor  or  the 
trades.  There  is  no  caste.  AVheu  one  wishes  to  labor,  he  does  so  in 
the  way  which  suits  him  best.  Logging  has  been  their  principal  busi- 
ness. A  number  work  together,  from  six  to'fifteen,  and  when  the  boom 
is  sold  and  tho  amount  deilucted  which  their  food  cost,  the  rest  is  di- 
vided among  tliem  according  to  their  labor.  Tliey  have  farms  and 
work  on  them,  also  work  for  white  persons  as  they  And  employment. 
None  have  learned  the  trades  to  any  extent.  It  has  been  difficult  to 
teach  the  older  ones  the  trades,  as,  while  they  are  able  to  earn  but  little, 
they  wish  full  i)ay.  .V  few,  however,  have  learned  to  handle  tools  quite 
well.     ]\Iany  of  the  women  wash  anil  iron  for  the  whites. 

Personal  and  communal  possessions,  debtors. — Their  i)ossessions  are 
personal  wholly:  hardly  anything  is  held  in  coaimon.  Common  custom 
says  debtors  must  pay,  though  seldom  is  property  taken  by  force  for 
debt. 

Oaths  and  trials. — The  United  States  Indian  agent  acts  as  Judge  some- 


EELLS    0\    THE    TWANA    INDIANS.  107 

times;  in  regard  to  small  cases,  the  chief  and  subchiefs  decide;  but 
generally  the  cases  are  brought  to  the  ageikt,  who,  after  hearing  all  the 
evidence,  decides  the  case,  or  else  refers  it  to  five  or  six  of  the  principal 
men  as  a  jury  for  decision.  Witnesses  and  jury  are  not  put  on  oath; 
but  when  persons  join  the  temperance  society,  they  are  sworn  in  the 
presence  of  God  and  all  present. 

Slavery.— There  are  a  very  few  slaves;  hut  as  there  has  been  no  war 
for  a  long  time,  slavery  is  dying  out,  and  the  few  which  there  are  are 
not  treated  as  harshly  as  they  fornu'rly  were. 

Inheritance.— Vroi^evty  of  deceased  parents  goes  to  their  children,  or, 
if  there  are  no  children,  to  their  friends;  sometimes,  with  the  consent 
of  the  friends,  it  being  given  to  everybody,  strangers  even.  The  oldest 
child  generally  receives  most. 

Torture  and  imnislunent. — There  is  no  torture  among  them  now,  nor 
has  been,  except  when  captives  tried  to  run  away  or  were  contrary, 
when  they  cut  the  soles  of  their  feet.  The  punishment  is  generally  by 
fines  or  imprisonment  for  a  few  days,  seldom  more  than  two  weeks. 
Generally  murder  is  settled  by  the  payment  of  from  $300  to  8G00,  though 
occasionally  blood  revenge  is  practiced. 

Revenue  — The  only  revenue  is  that  the  convicted  persons  pay  the 
sheriff  or  policeman ;  the  chiefs  and  jury  give  their  time. 

Census. — They  take  no  census.  All  that  is  done  is  taken  by  the  agent, 
as  given  under  I,  D. 

Declaring  and  conducting  tear,  truces,  treaties,  (be. — For  declaring  war, 
see  III,  15,  B.  When  a  truce  takes  place,  one  man,  who  is  favorably 
known,  is  sent  to  the  opposite  i)arty  to  arrange  the  terms  of  peace;  and 
if  a  treaty  is  made,  then,  sometimes,  they  prepare  a  feast,  to  which  the 
principal  men  on  both  sides  are  inviteil,  and  of  which  they  partake  to- 
gether. In  their  later  truces,  they  used  the  white  tiag,  or  something 
white  as  a  sign  of  the  truce. 

Commerce,  foreign  and  domestic. — There  is  nothing  deserving  the  name 
of  commerce  among  themselves;  they  simj  ly  trade  lor  dilforent  articles 
as  they  wish.  To  the  Americans  they  sell  boo-n-iegs  ehielly,  an  1  buy 
provisions,  clothes,  ornaments,  &c.  They  have  very  little  trade  with 
other  tribes,  sometimes  trading  horses  with  the  Isisqually  Indians,  and 
buying  canoes  of  the  Clallan)s. 

Succession  to  ranJc. — Formerly  the  chieftainship  descended  from  father 
to  son  ;  now  the  head  chief  is  elected,  generally  annually,  on  the  Fourth 
of  July,  the  custom  having  changed  within  ten  years.  The  subchiefs 
are  chosen  by  the  people  to  serve  during  good  behavior,  subject  to  the 
will  of  the  people  and  agent.  The  sherilf  or  policeman  is  appointed  by 
the  agent  to  serve  during  good  behavior. 

Public proinrty,  procisious,  and  slock. — There  is  none. 


\()H  I'.I'LIJ'/riN     IMTKI)    STA'IKS    (;EOI.OGICAL    SURVEY. 

-N  i7.~i:i':i./iii<)X. 

A.— On.IKCTS   (»!■'    liKVKUKNCK   AM)    WORSHIP. 

A  iiffrlif  si>itils  till)!  thiiniiis. — Miiiiy  nii^c.lic  s[)irits.  (See  Tiiinauainus.) 
.SoiiM'tiirics  it,  is  l)i',li(5vril  tliat  llicy'lo  l«':ir  the  devil  and  deinons  so  much 
that  llmir  medieiiu; men  Ir.v  to  '^un  their  favor  so  that  they  shall  not 
he  injiiied  by  tlieni. 

>iliiniiniis. — As  al>'»ve,  nnder  liead  of  demons. 

(lulls. — 'I'hey  worship  a  (!reat  Spirit,  who  they  believe  made  the  world 
ami  all  in  it,  and  who  preservi's  anil  <i()V"rns  it.  See  nothing  of  a  Trin- 
ity in  their  ideas. 

7'»/rwv. — Dm'U  p(>rson  has  his  own  .i;nardian  spirit,  called  his  tamaua- 
nins.  On  IIm>  door  of  one  lumsi^  is  an  imai^e  [)ainted  with  white  paiut 
(Me<«  V\<j!:.  I',  IMale  l'r»), — the  tamanamus  of  the  owner  of  the  house. 

On  the  «luor  of  another  is  one  of  the  shape  shown  at  Fig.  It,  Plate  25, 
tlu>  hea\y  shading  immediately  around  the  humau  figure  indicating  red 
paint.  At  tlu^  heail  of  the  bed  of  one  woman  is  a  board  about  0  feet 
hi^h,  L'A  bn)ad,  ami  tiguretl  as  shown  at  Fig.  It,  Plate  25.  There  the 
heavy  shading  imlieates  red  paint.  1  am  told  that  some  others  have 
tli(>irs  at  the  head  of  their  beds,  but  have  not  seen  them.  They  gener- 
ally liav»>  some  animal  as  their  tamanamus,  although  these  look  very 
little  like  any.  Most  of  the  Indians,  however,  have  no  figure  to  repre- 
stMit  tlu'ir  tamanamus.  llow  it  is  chosen  or  when,  I  have  not  learned 
iVom  them,  but  suppose  it  to  be  done  as  other  Indians  on  this  coast  do. 
flien'  is  very  mueh  ab»)ut  the  whole  subjeet  which  I  do  not  fully  under 
stand,  tlunigh  I  am  trying  eonstantlv  to  learn  more. 


•p>' 


r».— Holy  rr.At'ES  and  objects. 

\ur,\l  Itijouis.litanits,  or  litirs. — That  God  made  the  world;  that  He 
made  man.  bat  that  thtnv  were  ditVerent  centers  of  creation  for  man, 
tlie  aiu'estors  oi' eaeh  tribe  being  created  where  that  tribe  now  lives; 
that  theri<  was  a  tiood,  bur  that  it  was  not  verv  long  airo,  and  that  it 
did  ■\o{  i>vt>rilow  cill  their  land,  but  (hat  the  summit  of  Mount  Olympus, 
the  highest  inouiuaiu  near  here,  was  not  submerged,  and  that  a  number 
ot'  pei'plo  veinained  there  until  the  ilood  subsided:  that  before  it  sub- 
siili'il  a  number  of  Uu>  caiuu's  broke  from  their  fastenings,  and  carried 
tlu' peo[ile  who  wore  in  them  far  away,  so  that  they  never  returned, 
w  hiih  aeeonuts  lor  there  being  si»  tow  left  here,  and  the  mountain  is 
ealleil  F.istener  in  thoir  language,  from  the  fact  that  they  broke  from 
their  fasteuuig;  that  none  but  goinl  liulians  were  saved  at  all :  that  the 
pigeon  oi  ilo\ e  dul  not  tlie.  but  went  abroad  to  see  who  were  dead;  that 
tliove  has  been  a  gvoat  tire,  which  burned  up  everybody  and  everything 
exeept  good  Indians;  tiiat  one  person,  very  wicked,  was  turned  into  a 
rvvU.  and  heuee  tliat  all  wicked  Indi.ms  will  be  rurued  into  a  rock  or 
else  into  some  boast :  and  that  (lod  at  some  time  formerly  oamo  ilowu 
to  this  world.      See  III.  17.  l".  Inoaruation.^ 


null.  U.  S.  Geol.  and  (leop-.  Survey.  Vol.  Ill, 


Plate  25. 


Kij.  P. 


.jiJi 


Fiji.  Q- 


FiK-  K. 


Fifl.  S. 


Tiitems,  &c.,  of  the  Twaiia  Indians. 


EELLS    ON    THE    TWANA    INDIANS.  109 

C. — Ecclesiastical  organization. 

Medicinemen,  rain-maJcers, sorcerers,  devotees. — Xo  sorcerers  ortlevotees- 
There  are  medicine-men.  Xo  special  class  of  rain-makers;  but  there  is 
a  certain  rock  iu  Uood's  Canal,  near  the  reservation,  whiih  they  have 
thought  if  any  one  should  strike  in  a  certain  way  it  would  bring  rain. 
But  they  have  about  lost  faith  in  it  now. 

Part  taken  by  the  hiiety  in  religious  ceremonies. — At  tamanamns  they 
are  present  and  help  make  the  noise,  while  the  medicine-man  draws 
forth  the  evil  spirit.  (See  III,  17,  I),  Exorcism.)  In  their  old  mode  of 
worship,  by  dancing,  they  danced. 

D. — Sacred  rites. 

Installation  of  dignitaries. — At  present,  when  a  chief  is  chosen,  he 
makes  a  short  speech,  and  a  few  others  congratulate  him. 

Exorcism,  generally  called  tamanamns. — A  wicked  medicine-man  is 
supposed  to  be  able  to  send  a  woodpecker,  s<iuirrel,  bear,  or  an^-  treach- 
erous animal,  to  the  heart  of  his  enemy,  to  eat  his  heart,  plague  him, 
make  him  sick,  or  kill  him.  The  good  medicineman  finds  out,  from  his 
sickness,  what  kind  of  an  animal  it  is,  and  then  tries  to  draw  it  forth  ;  and 
while  the  common  people  make  a  noise,  pounding  on  a  rough  drum,  on 
sticks,  hallooing,  singing,  &c.,  the  medicineman  places  his  hands  on 
some  part  of  the  body,  where  to  him  seems  best,  and  draws  forth  with 
his  hands,  or  says  he  does,  the  evil  spirit ;  and  when  he  says  he  has  it, 
he  holds  it  between  his  hands,  invisible,  and  blows  it  up,  or  takes  it  to 
another  man,  who  throws  a  stone  at  it  and  kills  it.  When  the  sick 
person  is  not  cured,  they  say  there  are  several  evil  spirits,  but  some- 
times the  person  dies  before  they  are  all  drawn  out,  or  else  the  opposing 
medicine-man  is  stronger  than  he,  and  so  he  cannot  draw  them  all  out. 
Sometimes  the  good  spirit  of  the  person  is  gone,  and  he  is  sick.  Then 
the  medicine-man  tries,  with  his  hands,  to  draw  it  back,  and  so  cure 
him. 

Choosing  a  totem. — See  A  of  present  section. 

Sacrifice. — Formerly,  when  they  went  to  a  new  land  to  live  for  any 
length  of  time,  they  would  build  a  tire,  and  then  burn  some  fish,  good 
mats,  or  something  valuable  made  with  the  hand,  except  clothes,  which 
they  said  they  gave  to  the  land  in  order  to  gain  its  favor.  Even  now 
in  some  of  their  tamauamus  ceremonies  they  do  something  similar. 

Purification. — None  as  a  religious  rite.  Formerly  the  women  were 
considered  unclean  when  changing  to  womanhood,  and  also  at  the  birth 
of  a  child ;  on  account  of  which  they  were  kept  out  of  the  house,  and 
purified  by  washing  with  certain  leaves.  These  customs  are  almost 
extinct. 

Exorcism. — A  wicked  medicine-man  can  also,  in  an  invisible  manner, 
shoot  a  stone,  ball,  or  poison  into  the  heart  of  the  sick  person,  and  the 
animal  spoken  of,  to  eat  the  heart  of  the  person,  is  also  sent  in  an  in 


110  ni'LLKTIN    UMTKD    STATKS    GEOLOGICAL    SURVEY. 

visihlc,  iiiimiicr.  Tlicy  In^licve  in  it  so  lirmly,  that  tliey  say  \tlK'u  the 
htart  of  oiM'  who  has  died  has  hceii  ojxmhmI  tliat  often  this  stone,  or 
Itone,  or  the  like,  has  been  found.  When  tlie  j,^ood  medicine-uian 
tanianaiMUSi^s  ovjt  the  siek  person,  sometimes  he  gets  well  and  some- 
limes  lie  does  not.  When  he  does,  often  I  thiidc  he  would  have  re- 
eovered  ha<l  tluire  been  no  tamanamus,  an«l  sometimes  I  am  inclined  to 
think  it  might,  perhaps,  lie  attributed  to  mesmeric;  i)ower  on  the  part  of 
the  d(M;tor,  or  to  the  powers  of  the  imagination,  as  often  spoken  of  in 
mental  philosopiiy,  on  the  part  of  the  sick  person.  There  are  enough 
cures  to  make  them  firm  Ix^lievers  in  it,  and  enough  deaths  to  make  them 
believe  that  there  is  some  other  doctor  stronger  than  the  one  who  is 
trying  to  cure.  They  pay  the  doctor  who  is  trying  to  cure  whatever 
they  wish,  but  g«'nerally  considerable,  sons  to  secure  his  services  again 
if  they  iietMl  him,  and  if  they  can  discover  to  their  satisfaction  the  bad 
doctor  who  sends  the  sickness,  they  will  extort  considerable  from  him. 

In  addition  to  this,  which  might  be  called  tamanamus  for  the  sick, 
there  are  at  least  three  other  kiiuls  which  are  called  by  the  uame  of 
taimmamus — tlu'  black  tamanamus — which  is  the  most  savage  (see  III, 
1."),  A,  Secret  orders),  that  tor  the  living  and  that  for  the  dead. 

I  tlo  not  know  all  the  order  of  ceremonies,  but  there  is,  in  connection 
with  the  last  two  of  them,  very  much  feasting,  pounding,  singing, 
hallooing,  tlancing,  <S:c.,  and  some  fasting. 

In  the  tamanamus  for  the  living,  the  candidate  starves  himself  until 
he  is  about  sick,  when  all  his  friends  gather  and  make  the  noise,  he 
singing  a  kind  of  solo  at  times  and  they  responding;  and  this  is  kept 
up  more  or  less  for  several  days  and  nights,  with  intervals  of  rest 
more  or  less  long.  The  object  of  it  is  to  gain  the  favor  of  his  tamana- 
mus or  guardian  spirit. 

Tamanauuis  for  the  dead: — Some  time  before  a  person  dies,  it  may  be 
months,  it  is  supposed  that  a  spirit  comes  from  the  spirit-world  and 
carries  away  the  spirit  of  the  person,  after  which  the  person  gradually 
wastes  away  or  suddenly  dies.  If  by  any  means  it  can  be  discovered 
that  this  has  been  done,  and  there  are  those  who  profess  to  do  it,  then 
they  attempt  to  get  the  s[)irit  back  by  a  tamanamus,  and,  if  it  is  done, 
the  person  will  live. 

There  are  three  traditions  about  tamanamus  which  I  have  learned. 

One  is  of  a  man,  a  long  time  ago,  who  formed  an  image  of  a  man,  into 
which  he  put  his  tamaiuimus,  ami  over  which  he  had  considerable 
power,  even  to  making  it  dance.  Two  young  men  did  not  believe  it, 
and  at  one  time,  when  many  were  gathered  in  the  house  where  it  was, 
were  told  that,  if  they  did  not  believe  it,  to  take  hold  of  it  and  hold  it 
still,  r.iir  when  they  did  so.  the  man  made  it  dance,  and  soon,  instead 
of  the  two  men  holding  it  still,  it  made  them  dance,  one  holding  to  an 
arm  on  each  side  of  it,  nor  eouUl  they  stop  or  let  go,  but  after  dancing 
a  while  in  the  house  it  took  them  outside,  dancing  toward  the  salt-water. 
All  the  people  followed.  Irving  to  stop  it,  but  could  not.     It  took  them 


EELLS    ON    THE    TWAXA    INDIANS.  Ill 

« 

into  the  water,  and  then  all  three  became  chan,i,'e(l  into  something  like 
the  fish  called  a  skate,  went  underneath  the  v.iiter  like  a  fish,  and  were 
seen  no  more. 

They  al.so  s<ay  that  one  woman,  called  Jaiie,  '.ow  on  the  reservation, 
could,  before  the  whites  eann^,  make  certain  blocks  of  wood  wiiicdi  she 
had,  and  which  were  a  foot  or  two  lonij  and  about  a  loot  in  diameter, 
dance  by  means  of  her  tamanamns  without  touching  them,  l)ut  cannot 
do  it  now,  and  since  the  whites  came  she  has  taken  them  ott  into  the 
woods  and  buried  them. 

They  also  say  that  a  long  time  ago  a  man  nho  lived  at  Union  City, 
and  was  very  successful  in  catching  iiorpoises,  had  a  brother  who  was 
his  enemy,  who  lived  up  the  river,  and  who  trie<l  to  injure  him,  but  could 
not.  He  especially  tried  to  injure  him  by  seeking  to  prevent  his  catch- 
ing porpoises,  but  could  not.  Failing  in  this,  he  made  a  wooden  por- 
poise, put  his  tama'i -mus  into  it,  and  i)ut  it  into  the  water,  where  he 
thought  his  brother  would  catch  it.  His  brother  at  Union  City  found 
it,  and  Miijikiug  that  surely  it  was  a  ])ori)oise,  caught  it,  but  fouiul 
really  that  it  was  too  strong  for  him,  and  that  he  was  caught  by  it,  for 
it  took  him  north  under  water  to  the  unknown  place  where  ducks  live 
in  summer,  which  is  also  inhabited  by  a  race  of  pigmj'  men  a  foot  or 
two  high,  between  whom  and  the  ducks  there  is  war.  He  helped  the 
pigmies,  killed  many  ducks  and  ate  some,  whereupon  the  iiigmies  called 
him  a  cannibal,  and  became  enraged  at  him.  At  last,  a  whale  caught 
him,  and  brought  him  back  nearly  to  Union  City.  He  very  much 
■wished  ':o  be  thrown  out  on  dry  land  or  in  shallow  water  near  the  land. 
But  his  wish  was  not  granted,  for  by  some  means  the  whale  vomited 
him  up  in  deep  water,  and  he  swam  to  land.  This  is  the  reason  why  the 
dentalia,  the  si^ecies  of  shell  formerly  used  as  money,  are  found  in  deep 
water,  for  they  were  vomited  up  with  him.  If  his  wish  had  been 
granted,  and  he  thrown  on  drj-  land  or  in  shallow  water,  they  would 
have  been  found  there. 

Many  of  these  things  have  caused  some  white  people  to  believe  that 
their  religion  was  a  kind  of  spiritualism. 

For  a  long  time  it  troubled  me  to  know  what  was  meant  by  the  word 
"  tamanamns",  it  being  most  generally  used  in  connection  with  the  work 
of  the  medicine-men  over  the  sick.  It,  however,  means  more ;  anything 
supernatural,  except,  perhaps,  the  direct  work  of  God  and  Sataii. 

The  noun  good  tamanamns  hence  means  any  spirit  between  God  and 
man,  and  an  evil  tamanamus  any  between  Satan  and  man.  It  also 
means  any  stick,  stone,  or  the  like  in  which  this  spirit  may  dwell,  and 
also  the  work  of  trying  to  inlluence  this  spirit.  The  verb  means  to 
work  in  such  a  way  as  to  influence  these  spirits,  and  is  done  in  sickness 
by  mediciue  or  tamanamus  men,  but  in  other  cases,  as  described  above, 
by  individuals  alone,  or  in  companies  ;  so  that  a  tamanamus  is  often  the 
work  of  people  tamanamusing. 

I  have  sometimes  asked  them  whv  their  tamanamus  does  not  affect 


112     HULLKTIN  UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SUUVEV. 

whit<'  ii'.L'ii.  In  fact,  the  superinteinlent  of  Indian  affairs  oftered  their 
me«liciiie-men  a  hundred  dollars  to  make  him  sick  or  kill  any  of  liis 
horses,  for  thoy  profess  to  have  i)Ower  to  kill  horses  as  well  as  persons, 
but  they  could  do  nothin<j,  and  say  that  the  white  man's  heart  is  hard, 
so  that  the  invisible  stone  cannot  affect  it,  but  the  Indian's  heart  is  soft 
like  mud,  and  is  easily  affected. 

The  fifth,  month,  sta-ko-lit,  was  so  named  because  it  was  the  month 
for  tamanamus  formerly.  The  practice  which  gave  it  the  name  has  now 
entirely  ceased,  and  is  hardly  known  to  the  jounger  ones,  and  indeed 
there  are  many  who  hardly  know  the  old  name,  or  indeed  any  of  the 
names  of  the  months.  The  ancient  practice,  it  is  said,  in  this  month, 
was  to  go  far  off'  into  the  mountains,  wash  themselves  very  frequently, 
remain  half-naked,  build  a  very  large  fire  a  hundred  feet  long  and 
twenty  feet  wide,  and  remain  for  seven  days  or  thereabouts  without 
sleep.  I  suppose  that  they  tamanamused  also  in  other  ways.  AVheu 
they  returned,  they  rested  and  slept  very  much. 

E. — Myths. 

Hades  and  heaven. — Their  idea  of  heaveu  formerly  was  that  it  was  be 
low,  and  a  place  for  good  hunting  and  fishing,  for  good  Indians.  They 
had  no  hell,  as  they  supposed  wicked  persons  would  be  turned  into  a 
rock  or  beast.  Now  most  of  them  believe  the  heaven  and  hell  of  the 
Bible  to  be  true,  I  think. 

Omens. — When  they  see  something  very  unusual,  they  think  some- 
thing bad  will  happen.  For  instance,  if  they  find  a  fish  very  different 
from  any  they  have  ever  seen,  or  a  white  squirrel,  or  find  a  frog  cut 
open  and  laid  on  a  rock,  or  anything  very  unusual,  they  think  something 
bad  will  happen,  as  a  great  storm,  or  that  some  one  will  die,  or  some- 
thing else  bad,  and  if  it  does  not  occur  till  a  jear  passes,  but  then 
occurs,  they  think  the  omen  is  fulfilled.  To  go  near  a  dead  person, 
especially  if  children  should  do  so,  is  au  omen  that  those  doing  so  may 
die  soon. 

Inanimate  objects. — There  is  a  rock  a  few  miles  from  Union  City, 
which,  if  touched  by  any  person,  would  cause  the  hand  to  dry  up  and 
wither.]  There  is  at  Eneti,  on  the  reservation,  an  irregular  basaltic 
rock,  about  three  feet  by  three  feet  and  four  inches  and  a  foot  and  a  half 
high.  On  one  side  there  has  been  hammered  a  face,  said  to  be  the  rep- 
resentation of  the  face  of  the  thunder-bird,  which  could  also  cause 
storms.  It  is  delineated  in  diagrammatic  outline  at  Fig.  S,  Plate  25. 
The  two  eyes  are  about  six  inches  in  diameter  and  four  inches  apart, 
and  the  nose  about  nine  inches  long.  It  is  said  to  have  been  made  by 
some  man  a  long  time  ago,  who  felt  very  badly,  and  went  and  sat  on 
the  rock,  and  with  another  stone  hammered  out  the  eyes  and  nose. 
For  a  long  time,  they  believed  that  if  the  rock  was  shaken,  it  would 
cause  rain,  probably  because  the  thunder-bird  was  angry.  They  have 
now  about  lost  faith  in  it,  so  much  so  that  about  two  years  ago  they 


KELL.s    ON    TIIK    T>\  ANA    IN1»I.\^.S.  113 

t\)rmtMl  a  boom  of  logs  anmiul  it.  many  of  which  olt«'ii  struck  it.  That 
season  was  stormy,  and  some  ot  the  older  Indians  said,  however.  ••  No 
wonder,  as  the  rock  i.s  .shaken  all  ot  the  time.""  Ii  is  on  the  beai'h.  fac- 
ing? the  water,  where  it  i.s  tiooded  at  high  tide,  but  not  at  low  tide,  and 
the  impression  is  being  gradually  worn  away  by  the  waves. 

Krlip.sr. — An  eclipse  of  the  sun  almost  annular  occurred  about  two 
weeks  ago.  which  gave  me  an  oi>i»(>rtunity  to  learn  some  of  their  ideas 
about  it.  They  formerly,  as  near  as  I  can  learn,  supposed  that  a  whale 
was  eating  uj)  the  sun.  At  the  time  of  the  eclipse,  several  of  the  women 
and  old  persons  told  me  that  they  stopi)ed  work,  went  to  their  houses 
and  prayed  in  their  minds  to  (lod.  Many  wished  to  know  what  I 
thought  was  the  cause  of  it. 

I'rotliffies. — (I)  Stick  Siwasli,  a  great  man  or  giant,  by  some  thought 
to  be  as  large  as  a  tree,  who  would  carry  olf  women  and  children  when 
alone  or  nearly  alone,  does  not  attack  men.  He  lives  in  the  woods.  (2) 
A  great  land  animal  which  carried  otf  a  woman  was  pursued  by  a  large 
number  cf  i>eople,  who  attacked  it,  cut  it  with  knives,  speored  it.  and 
did  many  thiugs,  enough  to  have  killeil  very  many  common  animals, 
but  were  unable  to  kill  it,  and  left  it.  (3)  A  great  water  animal,  which 
has  overturned  cauoes  and  eaten  u[)  the  people,  but  cannot  be  killed. 

]'rai/cr. — In  connection  with  their  worship  of  the  Great  Si)irit,  or  liter- 
ally the  Chief  Above,  as  given  (see  Great  Sjiirit,  III.  17.  F),  they  i>ray 
to  the  Great  Spirit,  asking  Ilim  to  take  caio  of  them,  help  them,  and 

make  them  good. 

F.— Belief. 

Aniiiiisu)  or  the  existence  of  the  soul. — They  tirmly  believe  in  this. 

Transmhjration. — They  believe  that  some  wicked  people  have  been 
turned  to  animals,  or  did  Ibrmerly  believe  it. 

They  have  a  tradition  of  a  dog  which  was  l)ad,  which  swam  from  Eneti 
to  Union  City,  and  back  near  to  the  graveyard,  a  distance  of  about  live 
miles,  and  was  turned  into  a  long  rock,  now  lyirig  there;  also  that  a  cer- 
tain kind  of  round  Hat  shell  about  four  iiu-hes  in  diameter  was  formerly 
their  gambling-disks,  but  that  these  disks  were  changed  to  these  shells. 

Worship  of  a  Great  Spirit. — They  believe  in  Him  and  wor.ship  Him, 
chielly  as  the  Americans  do;  the  old  way,  which  has  now  ceased,  being 
by  girding  themselves,  singing,  and  dancing  before  Him. 

Inearimtion. — They  have  a  tradition  that  God  once  came  down  to 
earth,  because  of  a  certain  imi)ressiou  in  a  rock  on  this  canal  (now 
washed  away),  which  looked  somewhat  like  a  large  footstep,  and  since 
they  have  been  told  that  Christ  came  to  this  earth,  they  say  they  know 
it  to  be  true. 

In  addition  to  the  tradition  given  in  connection  with  gambling  (see 
III,  10,  A)  they  also  have  a  tradition  that  when  the  Son  of  God 
walked  over  this  land,  as  He  was  walking  ou  the  beach,  north  of  the 
mouth  of  the  Skokomish  River,  He  slipped,  and  because  of  it  He 
cursed  the   ground,  and  it  has  been  a  salt-water  marsh  ever  since, 

8  BULL 


114     BULLETIN  UNITED  STATES  GEOLOGICAL  SURVEY. 

as  it  is  now;  also  that  in  crossing  a  stream  down  the  canal,  whicli  was 
very  tail  of  flsb,  lie  slipped  again,  and  then  cursed  the  stream,  and 
bence  Hsli  never  go  up  this  stream,  though  they  inhabit  all  others. 

KcsHrrccfioH  of  the  (had. — None  according  to  their  old  ideas;  the  spirit 
went  to  the  spirit-land;  the  body  was  not  raised  in  this  world,  but  grad- 
ually, as  it  decomposed,  was  taken  there  also. 

liitribution. — That  the  wicked  will  be  turned  into  a  rock  or  animal, 
formerly.  Xow,  most  believe  in  future  punishment  as  taught  in  tiie 
Bible.  ' 

Merit  una  il(m<rit  in  sight  (n/  Deity. — All  were  good  except  the  very 
bad,  tormei'ly.  Tbey  had  no  dividing  line.  The  Great  Spirit  divith-d 
the  good  from  the  batl  at  death. 

Eternity  of  happiness  and  woe. — Happiness  was  eternal.  The  wicked 
were  turned  into  a  i-ock  and  always  remained  so,  or  into  an  animal, 
as  long  as  it  lived.  At  present  most  believe  in  the  eternity  of  hap- 
piness and  woe,  as  taught  in  the  Bible. 

Progress  in  relif/ion. — It  is  but  four  years  and  a  half  since  the  tirst 
Protestant  services  were  held  among  them.  About  twenty-three  years 
ago,  a  liomaa  Catholic  priest  taught  them  a  little  and  baptized  some ; 
but  this  instruction  was  given  up  a  long  time  ago,  and  most  of  them 
have  giveu  up  their  belief  in  it.  ^Yhen  the  present  Indian  policy  began, 
four  and  a  half  years  ago,  this  reservation  was  turned  over  to  the  Con- 
gregationalists  under  the  American  Missionary  Association.  The  attend- 
ance on  the  sabbath  services  has  been  increasing  every  summer,  the 
Sabbath  attendance  averaging  about  eighty  during  the  past  summer 
(lS7."ii.  In  the  winter  there  are  not  so  many,  as  most  of  them  live  from 
one  to  three  miles  away,  and  the  weather  is  often  bad.  One  of  their 
number  has  united  with  the  church  here,  and  there  are  others  whom  1 
believe  to  be  Christians.  IMost  of  them  say  they  believe  the  Bible  is  true, 
and  that  Christ  came  to  this  world ;  but  still  they  cling  strongly  to  their 
tamanamus,  some  of  them  I  think  as  a  religion,  and  some  merely  as  a 
superstition.  The  ideas  of  many  in  regard  to  the  Bible  are  dim  yet,  even 
respecting  the  most  important  truths,  and  this  is  not  strange  when  we 
remember  that  they  cannot  read.  They  are  in  a  transition  state  in  this 
respect,  as  in  ma!!y  others. 


